tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-42018065946630964622024-02-08T10:33:37.544-08:00Essay on freedom writersJacqueline Lavignehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13995915049368122049noreply@blogger.comBlogger174125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4201806594663096462.post-72684704832294071362020-08-25T02:57:00.001-07:002020-08-25T02:57:03.796-07:00Twilight Zoine Essays - Mona, , Term PapersSundown Zoine Enter hints of the Twilight Zone Mona: waving the diverse spotlight. Our setting is an exhausting planet in two focuses in the world. This planet is bound for devastation by the Galactic Hyperspace Arranging Council to clear a path for a hyperspatial express course that will go through our star framework. This is an uncommon report from The United Relocation Committee with expectations of planning most of the populace for the inescapable move to Earth. This report is intended to help with integrating our Altarian culture to that of the Earth. Earth, as all of you know, is the best chance for making homeostatic condition between two societies, one of which is our own since theirs is thought of ?Mostly Harmless? by certain norms. We, as insightful being on our planet, must figure out how to live by a couple of these new social standards that Earth calls ?ethics*?.(*said with a touch of a complement) We have set up a program so you may learn Earth customs and ?ethics*? along with our most veteran space pilgrim, Lieutenant Dodge de Neon, as he explores Earth. The nations that were chosen were not at arbitrary. It is very straightforward extremely, The United Relocation Board picked nations that are accepted to be the purposed tolerating end of about 55.6% of every single age-old sign that have, for some obscure explanation, been recognizable for twenty-three minutes on a couple of old telecom stations that are as yet used to check for wise life on different planets. The nations that have sent a large portion of the telecom are accepted not to need such important visits as those on the less than desirable end since all these extraordinary communicates will be circulated each day somewhere in the range of eight and ten d.m. with expectations of showing everybody every one of these nations with least measure of Altarian charge dollars being spent. Concentrate in on the little vehicle showing up in nation a. Here is our spatial constant machine conveying Lieutenant de Neon to Earth. The principal nation on our rundown is Pakistan. Gracious, dear. The lieutenant is coming in too fast!!!! Here on our screens in the studio I see that it is anticipated that the Habitual machine will hit that huge round item floating over the structure? The inflatable pops and confetti flies. Furthermore, the ongoing machine does as it arrives at a stand-still. Norrenna comes out, opens up the carpet, comes to behind her and transforms the vehicle into another apparatus and claims to make Islamic petition so anyone can hear. Brauer comes up to Norrenna and attempts to talk with her clarifying his expression of remorse. Norrenna: Allah Hu ackbar, Allah hu ackbar?. Brauer: Sorry that I caused such a mishap. Norrenna: As-Saalam? Eid Mubarak Brauer. Show me a portion of your lanuage please. Norrenna: Bis-millah-heer-rah-mah-neer-rah-heem Brauer: Bis-millah-heer-rah-mah-neer-rah-heem Norrenna: Hama-abne-miserable lejeelow. Norrenna offers carpet to Brauer. As they do this Norrenna places the little gift in the rocket. What's more, Brauer moves the vehicle up the ship. Mona: I trust every one of you picked up something. That was a strict supplication performed by nearly ? of the Earths populace today on account of the strict occasion Eidul-advertisement haa, or Festival of Penance following two months and 10 days of the journey: Hajj.. Hama-abne-miserable lejeelow is Urdu for: take this with you. Urdu is the local language of Pakistan. Also, here the spatial routine machine is arriving at its next stop, Italy, the nation that is following up. The vehicle falls off the ship and runs by the vines pulling some down with the magnet. Dominik comes out and energized. Dominik: goodness, you picked grapes. The main individual to pick grapes turns into the host for the Cupra Montana Grape Festival, one of the most celebrated in the area. The happens on the first Sunday of October. You may keep the grapes with the goal that you can eat on your excursion. (convert into Italian assuming there is any chance of this happening.) Brauer: thank you for your participation. Great it isn't vine however, as I don't care for it (state with monotone German intonation) Mona: and the interpretation for the entirety of that is? (state in English) What's more, as the Spatial Habitat proceeds on its way north it shows up in the last assigned nation, Spain. As the machine goes to an arrival on this huge green thing we should get ready for a great run. Gracious, hold up there are individuals on the enormous green thing. The machine will attempt to back off presently to bring down the danger of hitting the individuals. (the vehicle thumps the Jacqueline Lavignehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13995915049368122049noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4201806594663096462.post-35726166516291395312020-08-22T03:01:00.001-07:002020-08-22T03:01:16.996-07:00Free Essays on Physical Geography In Icefields ParkwayPHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY The climate in Jasper National Park is ever-changing and constantly unusual. Guests ought to be set up for the frigid breezes that can pass over an icy mass in mid-summer, and for the chinooks that can warm a January day to above freezing. Spring goes to the valley bottoms in mid-April and arrives at the high nation by mid-June. Summer days are long, yet the mid year season is short. July is the hottest month with a mean day by day most extreme temperature of 22.5 degrees Celsius. September and October bring fall hues, clear skies and cooler temperatures. The long winter season is differed with times of cold turbulent climate that can rapidly change to a gentle chinook wind. January is the coldest month with a mean greatest temperature of - 9.4 degrees Celsius. In uneven territory, various elements add to atmosphere and climate designs and make an assortment of small scale atmospheres. These variables incorporate rise, scope, winning breezes, arrangement of valleys, concealing from mountains, and winds from the ice sheets. Height greatly affects the neighborhood atmosphere; the higher the rise, the colder the temperature. For the most part, lost 1.7 degrees Celsius can be normal with each 300 meters of rise picked up. The breezes from the southwest likewise affect nearby climate. In spite of the fact that the Pacific Ocean lies a few mountain goes away, twists from the ocean carry warm air and dampness to the mountains. A large portion of the dampness is dropped from these frameworks before they arrive at the eastern inclines of the Rockies.... Free Essays on Physical Geography In Icefields Parkway Free Essays on Physical Geography In Icefields Parkway PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY The climate in Jasper National Park is ever-changing and constantly eccentric. Guests ought to be set up for the frigid breezes that can brush off an ice sheet in mid-summer, and for the chinooks that can warm a January day to above freezing. Spring goes to the valley bottoms in mid-April and arrives at the high nation by mid-June. Summer days are long, yet the late spring season is short. July is the hottest month with a mean day by day most extreme temperature of 22.5 degrees Celsius. September and October bring fall hues, clear skies and cooler temperatures. The long winter season is differed with times of cold blustery climate that can rapidly change to a gentle chinook wind. January is the coldest month with a mean most extreme temperature of - 9.4 degrees Celsius. In precipitous landscape, various elements add to atmosphere and climate designs and make an assortment of small scale atmospheres. These variables incorporate rise, scope, winning breezes, arrangement of valleys, concealing from mountains, and winds from the icy masses. Height greatly affects the neighborhood atmosphere; the higher the rise, the colder the temperature. For the most part, lost 1.7 degrees Celsius can be normal with each 300 meters of height picked up. The breezes from the southwest additionally impact neighborhood climate. Despite the fact that the Pacific Ocean lies a few mountain extends away, twists from the ocean carry warm air and dampness to the mountains. The greater part of the dampness is dropped from these frameworks before they arrive at the eastern inclines of the Rockies.... Jacqueline Lavignehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13995915049368122049noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4201806594663096462.post-85997831870653202172020-07-28T01:02:00.001-07:002020-07-28T01:02:08.507-07:00Datameer Datameer INTRODUCTIONMartin: Hi. Today we are in San Francisco, in the Datameer Office, with Stefan. Stefan, who are you and what do you do?Stefan: Iâm Stefan. Iâm the founder of Datameer and I have the pleasure and honor to lead this amazing company. We are in the big data analytics space and was considered a hyper-growth company. This is our support space, obviously, very, very roomy here. Weâre at this point, 120 people. But, I donât know, we hire a couple of, three to five, people a week, I guess?Martin: Not too bad.Martin: What is your background? So, what do you do before you started this company?Stefan: I had companies since 1997. And before that, I did a German Abitur.Martin: Wow! Okay. So, directly from school to becoming an entrepreneur.Stefan: Yes.Martin: So did you already start during your school time? Building a newspaper like Richard Branson did?Stefan: Yes, exactly. In fact, I did. I did a whole bunch of things in school, the usual suspects you see at school, governmen t, and those kind of things. I did the school paper. I was always very interested in back then what was considered as new media. During my degree, or Abitur, I actually already wrote a search engine for a local university library. In Germany, you have to do military after school. And being a little bit of digital hippie, I didnât want to do that. And one way that you get around that in Germany is by founding a company.Martin: Oh, reallyStefan: So when the university library in my home town asked me if I want to continue working for them as a freelancer, I founded the company. Well, guess what? More than 20 years later, Iâm still doing the same thing, maybe different people, different size, but I always worked in the data space.Martin: How did you come up with the idea of Datameer?Stefan: Doing high-tech in Germany is very difficult. In fact, I tried that for 10 years before I relocated to Silicon Valley where things work a little bit different as you can imagine. But what that i s very prominent and very active in Europe is the open source scene. So I was a very active contributor to a whole bunch of open source technologies, and one of them was the search engine. Surprise, surprise, thatâs my background. And the search engine, called Nutch, eventually spun off the storage in computer framework, called The Hadoop. So I was one of the first three guys that basically started the Nutch and then Hadoop, so to say. And Hadoop very quickly devolved into a very disruptive technology. Today, itâs considered a $20 billion market. But back then, I was sitting in my living room, on my laptop, writing code and thinking, âOh, this is pretty cool.â So I always building companies, I always worked on really cool technology, mostly open source, and then off spring commercial technology from that. Hadoop turned into a really big market force. So it was logical to build Datameer, what is kind of a BI, business intelligence, data analytics product on top of the next ge neration storage in computer platforms. Hadoop is kind of the new Oracle, so to say. And what we do is we help to integrate data into the system, we make it super simple to analyze and visualize data. And with that, weâre helping companies to have hundreds of millions of dollars return of investment.So five of the seven biggest banks in the world are using our product. All credit card companies, or the top three credit card companies, covering 90 percent of our credit card transactions, that go to our product. In the world, we work with the top three telecommunication companies in the world. We are the biggest German retailer and the top or the second biggest U.S. retailer. So, itâs very interesting to see what difference people can do by looking at data and finding insights.Martin: What are the major differences between starting a company in Germany and starting it or expanding it in the U.S.?Stefan: We still have engineering in Germany. I strongly believe in, thatâs sounds m aybe cheesy, in engineers in Germany. I think we have fantastic human resources, in Europe in general. The problems are a little bit, we have a crusty economic environment, right? The major funding of government or private investments go into larger companies. I think, Berlin wakes up a little bit. Thereâs a need in the start-up scene, but itâs not anywhere close as Silicon Valley. So, our model at Datameer is we had a German company for a while as I described. Then, I went to Silicon Valley and I kept our engineers. And we did good business, right? So, we had Apple as customer, ATT, Verizon, and so on. We did really value here. That made clear to us that what we need is a United States based go-to market strategy. So when we converted our old company into what is Datameer today, our headquarters was in Silicon Valley. We had sales and marketing here, but we kept all engineering in Germany. So, I always joke, âDesigned in California, manufactured in Germany.âBut the major di fference, to answer the question, is that the U.S. economy is way more open to take risk with new technology. Our first customer was Visa and our second customer was JP Morgan. But 10 years before, I was knocking on any German company and they ask me, âAre you working for Oracle?â âNo.â âAre you working for Microsoft?â âNo.â âAre you working for IBM?â âNo.â âWell, thereâs the door.â But here, they see new technology as a unique competitive advantage. At big banks, they have a few million dollars a year, letâs say a million dollars, and they divide it by 10 and they invest $100,000 in 10 crazy new little start-ups and see if they can get a competitive advantage. If the technology is promising, they really partner with those companies. They drive the roadmaps. They really help those to companies to grow. Thatâs really interesting because as a start-up, you really want to work closely with the market. Developing a product in isolation will never work. You spend two years just in bloat. But partnering with those big companies and see what their problems, how can we solve them, really gives you the chance to build a relevant product for the market. And again, you only get customers that pay you off your bills, and that said, the sales cycles are shorter. People are more open. Germany and Europe, in general, is around three to five years behind any kind of big adoption of new technology. What is interesting though, is that they then buy the distance.So they are not messing around. They donât try to build themselves, but they really just buy commercial tools. So, I can only highly recommend that to develop your technology in Germany. That will most likely provide you great technology that is very innovative. Then bring it into a market where you have a much lower barrier to entry, and United States is one of them.BUSINESS MODEL OF DATAMEERMartin: Great. Letâs talk about your business model. Can you briefly describe how the busine ss model works? What are the customer segments that youâre serving, can you describe them shortly? And what is really the value proposition that you are offering?Stefan: So, we have a classical enterprise software business model. We have inbound of marketing campaigns that drive leads. Those are then touched by a team that we call Account Development Group. Those qualifying those deals, what you want to ask here is, âDo you really have a budget?â âDo you really have a problem we can solve?â Right? Sometimes, everything looks like a nail if you have a hammer, so you have to be very careful. The biggest mistake that a lot of entrepreneurs are doing is that, âOh my God, there is this big company, and they are kind of interested,â and they go into a death spiral of engaging someone who has no budget, has no problem that you really can solve. Again, the biggest mistake is qualifying. You need to talk to a hundred people to find the three you really can sell to.Martin: How d o you check that? Are you really asking, what is your budget for this? Or is there some kind of circumventing them and getting some information indirectly?Stefan: Yes. There are plenty of sales books written that will walk you through psychology of sales. Asking frankly is it a good idea. If you find the right person, so-called champion, or a change agent in the organization, that change agent will help you because you have the disruptive technology that solves the problem. If not, you should check your product, right? So if you truly believe you can help someone solve or improve something, then you really need to find the person that believes in you and then you work with that person and say, âOkay. Look, Iâm sorry but weâre a small company. We canât afford to mess around for the next six months. Is there really something? Who do I need to speak with who makes the decision?â Most likely, the guy that brings you in doesnât have the check book or the decision-making autho rity. So you need either to find the players in the company, most likely, you have to do a map of whoâs influencing who. Usually in big companies, what are the political plays? âOh, itâs this business user over this IT userâ âHe wants to have this Oracle technology, and he wants to have this new technology,â you have to figure it out, who I have to talk to about those guys to really get in the line. Whatâs your deadline? If you donât have a deadline, and itâs not clear what happens if you miss the deadline, most likely, you donât have a commercial product. Anyhow, so thereâs a whole bunch of qualification questions that you have to do. Iâm happy to go into more detail. Call me if you want to have advice. Iâm happy to tell that entrepreneur.We also have an expensive direct-sales force. That means we have, in the United States, sales representatives. They make $240,000 to $280,000 dollars a year, where 50 percent is base salary, 50 percent is commission-based . In this space, they make between a million to $1.5 million revenue, or bookings, a year. So they have a quota that they have to deliver as well. They have a sales engineer that makes another $220,000, also commission-based. If they donât sell anything, they donât make money. They make more if they do. But if not, they make more than everybody else. Thatâs why engineers donât like to work in that business, where everybody is a littleMartin: extrovert.Stefan: Yes, extrovert. Then you gauge with that organization with the direct sales force, then move people to multiple steps in the buying process. Thereâs two things. You need to have a sales process and every customer has a buying process. And you need to understand that buying process and really map this to each other. As a sales organization, you need to know what personas that I have to work with, what are their objections, how do I handle their objections, what is their job, what are their biggest concern, how can I po sition my product, can I address those concerns, all those things. And then usually, you get to area of interest in the organization, you map the organization, you get to know the different players. You go to a process of validation, you need to prove that you can do what you promised, usually itâs called the proof of concept, if you do technology. Then you go to a business justification because youâre most likely asking for a price that seems high for the customer. If not, you have the wrong pricing, right? The perfect pricing is probably that the people pay but complain about it. So, most likely, go to a business justification process and you donât have to prove, âOkay. Well, if we improve 10 percent of this business process, that saves you a million dollar. So, itâs okay if I ask you a hundred thousand dollars from you. That is a whole bunch of presentations, and a few spreadsheets you deliver to the customer, and then they eventually say yes or no, then you make a deal . Making a deal means you go to 30 or 50 pages of legal documents, especially as you work big companies. Then you close the deal and you charge.Itâs interesting enough, for more than 10 years, I always was very blind and thought, âOh, I just built this great technology and it will sale itself.â âItâs click tool, itâs online, and itâs software as a service.â If you want to build a real company, the process I just described, especially for an enterprise software, obviously for consumers it is different. But in enterprise software, thatâs how it works. Putting it on some website and waiting for some people to come, thatâs not going to happen.Martin: What are the typical sales lead times?Stefan: In our business, itâ half a year, from first touch to close, and it very much depends on the deal size. So if we make a multimillion dollar deal, it will take more in 12 months. If we do a 100K or less deal, sometimes we compress that to a couple of three months, but then, we are lucky. So on average, itâs for four to six months.Martin: Okay, great. Can you tell us a little bit more about how are you trying to set up the pricing strategy. You said that you are trying first to identify the value that you are creating for customers, and then based on that, it takes some kind of share and put an absolute number on there. But, how did you differentiate you pricing, based on different customer segments?Stefan: What you want to do is you want to number one, whatâs the competition charging, right? So thatâs the homework you have to do. And number two, you go to the market with a price thatâs way too low, right? Because you will start-up, you will only get a few customers, and then what you need to do is build this relationship with the customers and ask them, âWhatâs the value you get in out of that?â You donât want to ask that question the day you sold, maybe as well. You want to ask that 3 months later, 6 months later, 12 months later. Then based on that, you can adjust pricing. Pricing is a lot of trial and error. So today, we still do pricing trials. We have certain geographical areas where we change the pricing and see does all sales expand or do they contract, those kind of things. In the last 2 years, we doubled prices four times, just to give you the idea. And you double until you reach the point that your sale cycle slows so much down and you donât have an adoption and you correct. Thatâs what you do. You always have a pricelist and you get discounts, right? But it takes some courage in the sales organizations now to really push the pricing too. Sales representatives work a little bit different. If you are on a company scale that I am now, itâs a lot about group psychology stuff I do. Itâs a lot about how you motivate people, how they tick, how they work. Sales representatives are always excited about huge big companies and then they give them dramatic discounts because all those companies have professi onal negotiators. Going after the Fortune 500-1,000 isnât a bad idea as a start-up, and then you can build up. We got lucky, we had a real interesting product that was interesting for a Fortune 100 and that was like all major market segment and we make huge deals there. But historically, my experience is you want to start with high volume, lower-touch model, and maybe you get to skim the top, where you go in there, and you expand the deals. So may want to consider an upsale team, not just the sales team hunters that just hunt for deals, but are also considered farmers, that need to expand the deals. And then a renewal team, and so on. So you get into the door, and then you put on as many user or use cases on the platform that you just sold to them. Anyhow, so there are different strategies around that. Pricing is a tricky one thatâs related to strategy. I definitely recommend having low pricing and then working to expand. Lower the barrier to entry to get the logos and then expa nd when it comes.Martin: Okay, great.CORPORATE STRATEGYMartin: Stefan, letâs talk about corporate strategy. What do you think is the competitive advantage of Datameer?Stefan: I believe there are only three different kinds of companies.Company number one is using Mooreâs Law. Moores Law is every 18 months hardware capacity doubles to an advantage to optimize processes. Thatâs the strategy weâre in.The second category is you take out the middle man. Most likely, you get to the infrastructure technology that you can do this. Thatâs like Uber, where they take out not the cab driver, but actually the cab company in the middle that used to make a lot of money. Or think about the iTunes, think about the music labels in between. And Amazon now with their publishing, they take out the publishing houses, and so on. So that is taking out the middle man and another optimization.And then, thereâs Instagram, Facebook, eHarmony, and the Timbers of the World. Iâll leave to you what ki nd of category that is. Thatâs all around, playing with the most fundamental human needs.So again, weâre kind of in the first category and what we do as a product is we disrupt the way people use to do data analytics. We significantly shorten the time to insight with our product by changing the way you do it. And the way we can do this is we have this new storage and computer platform that could deliver storage in computers at a cost that is ridiculously lower compared to what you had before. So what we can do, if this is by throwing cheap hardware after the process, we are shrinking the time to insights from 12 to 18 months with historical data analytics technology that we have ETL, dataware houses, and API on top, we put this all into one product, and now we have a hundred million dollars ROI in eight weeks and single person in one of the biggest Telcos companies in the United States, for example. Well a very big German Telco had similar ROIs. Also, it was just six weeks in a single person. Tremendous ROIs and very short. If you think about it, the price of hardware is going down, but the price of people is going up. On the other hand, we have lesser time to make decisions, but the complexity of data is going up. This are two catalysts here that really drive our business and that is our strategy, to go after and taking advantage of lower storage of computer and higher price for human beings, more complexity in data, more data, more data sources, more structured and unstructured data, but then again, less time that you have to get insights to all of that. This is kind of the direction that weâre going.Martin: Okay, great.MARKET DEVELOPMENTMartin: Stefan, what market trend can you identify in the big data industry?Stefan: Itâs really interesting. I personally have been to maybe three kind of hype cycle or Crossing the Chasm technology adoption waves in my life. I had search engines technology, I had the EJB applications server, Iâve worked at JBoss a pplication server as well. So you always see the same thing. How do I get certain majority that enable the next generation of technology platform? And based on that, you can build next generation applications, and on top the next generation solutions. And solutions are usually very use cases or very vertical-focused. So obviously, HP, Dell, and Intel are in the hardware business. In our space, you have Cloudera, MapRs, platform business. Oracle, Microsoft, and SAP as well, they obviously late adapter. And they always have the innovators dilemma. They always have to kill their cash cows in order to get to the next generation. We are on that enterprise application layer.We are the second closest to the checkbook, to the problem, and what helps. Platforms are very quickly commoditized. They sell earlier. So if you have that technology wave, the Clouderas, MapRs, they are getting bigger faster. But if you look over a period of maybe 10-15 years, the application and solution business tha t will make the most money. So we are here and weâre reaching a little bit into solution. Our products, specifically, we work with finance, we work in retail, we work in Telco, and then we have bucket that we call emerging. From the use case perspective, itâs three major areas.Itâs customer analytics, where we help people to shorten sales cycles, increase conversion rates in the sales process, understand customer behaviour, identify credit card fraud, kind of in general understanding customers better by bringing multiple data sets together.Or we do operational analytics. This is where Telcos understand whoâs my cell tower and makes sense to upgrade the cell tower.And then we have a lot of what we call new data products and services, where people basically selling data or providing a data-driven service. In selling data, I donât mean personal data specifically. This could be geographical data to do research for natural resources, this can be in general market data, or whate ver. You usually have to pre-process and really package that stuff. Data is like raw oil. Data is the new oil that needs to go the refinery process before you get to the insights that you really can sell.Martin: When you looked into the different industries, can you identify different adoption rates in those industries?Stefan: You always can. This is true for everything. You will always have the concept called crossing the chasm, and you can apply this to different industries because you have industries adopting early on or later on. Finance historically, especially in the area we are, are early adaptors. So the investment banks of the world and the high frequency trader, they will adopt technology as early as they can because itâs a competitive advantage. Next one are Telcos. Telcos also go and adopt technology as early as they can, a little slower moving than finance. Then we have retail because retail right now is under high pressure. When put a whole bunch of categories, event ually you have healthcare, and manufacturing in very late then you usually have those. Of course thatâs the big picture. And before you have all these, you have emerging. So, you have gaming companies, mobile app companies, you have Facebooks and Twitters, they will always be on the forefront because thatâs their business model. But if you go to a broader market The problem by the way, the reason I am saying the you have the early adaptors, Facebook and Twitters of the World will not buy technology. You can spend 24 months, they will go for open source technology or build it themselves. Depending on their business model, they will adopt technology trends earlirt on but it will be extremely hard to sell to them.ADVICE TO ENTREPRENEURS FROM STEFAN GROSCHUPF In San Francisco, we meet founder and CEO of Datameer, Stefan Groschupf. He shares his story of how Datameer was founded, the current business model, plans for the near future, and some advice for young entrepreneurs.The transcript of the interview is included below.INTRODUCTIONMartin: Hi. Today we are in San Francisco, in the Datameer Office, with Stefan. Stefan, who are you and what do you do?Stefan: Iâm Stefan. Iâm the founder of Datameer and I have the pleasure and honor to lead this amazing company. We are in the big data analytics space and was considered a hyper-growth company. This is our support space, obviously, very, very roomy here. Weâre at this point, 120 people. But, I donât know, we hire a couple of, three to five, people a week, I guess?Martin: Not too bad.Martin: What is your background? So, what do you do before you started this company?Stefan: I had companies since 1997. And before that, I did a German Abitur.Martin: Wow! Okay. So, directly from school to becoming an entrepreneur.Stefan: Yes.Martin: So did you already start during your school time? Building a newspaper like Richard Branson did?Stefan: Yes, exactly. In fact, I did. I did a whole bunch of things in school, the usual suspects you see at school, government, and those kind of things. I did the school paper. I was always very interested in back then what was considered as new media. During my degree, or Abitur, I actually already wrote a search engine for a local university library. In Germany, you have to do military after school. And being a little bit of digital hippie, I didnât want to do that. And one way that you get around that in Germany is by founding a company.Martin: Oh, reallyStefan: So when the university library in my home town asked me if I want to continue working for them as a freelancer, I founded the company. Well, guess what? More than 20 years later, Iâm still doing the same thing, maybe different people, different size, but I always worked in the data space.Martin: How did you come up with the idea of Datameer?Stefan: Doing high-tech in Germany is very difficult. In fact, I tried that for 10 years before I relocated to Silicon Valley where things work a little bit different as you can imagine. But what that is very prominent and very active in Europe is the open source scene. So I was a very active contributor to a whole bunch of open source technologies, and one of them was the search engine. Surprise, surprise, thatâs my background. And the search engine, called Nutch, eventually spun off the storage in computer framework, called The Hadoop. So I was one of the first three guys that basically started the Nutch and then Hadoop, so to say. And Hadoop very quickly devolved into a very disruptive technology. Today, itâs considered a $20 billion market. But back then, I was sitting in my living room, on my laptop, writing code and thinking, âOh, this is pretty cool.â So I always building companies, I always worked on re ally cool technology, mostly open source, and then off spring commercial technology from that. Hadoop turned into a really big market force. So it was logical to build Datameer, what is kind of a BI, business intelligence, data analytics product on top of the next generation storage in computer platforms. Hadoop is kind of the new Oracle, so to say. And what we do is we help to integrate data into the system, we make it super simple to analyze and visualize data. And with that, weâre helping companies to have hundreds of millions of dollars return of investment.So five of the seven biggest banks in the world are using our product. All credit card companies, or the top three credit card companies, covering 90 percent of our credit card transactions, that go to our product. In the world, we work with the top three telecommunication companies in the world. We are the biggest German retailer and the top or the second biggest U.S. retailer. So, itâs very interesting to see what diffe rence people can do by looking at data and finding insights.Martin: What are the major differences between starting a company in Germany and starting it or expanding it in the U.S.?Stefan: We still have engineering in Germany. I strongly believe in, thatâs sounds maybe cheesy, in engineers in Germany. I think we have fantastic human resources, in Europe in general. The problems are a little bit, we have a crusty economic environment, right? The major funding of government or private investments go into larger companies. I think, Berlin wakes up a little bit. Thereâs a need in the start-up scene, but itâs not anywhere close as Silicon Valley. So, our model at Datameer is we had a German company for a while as I described. Then, I went to Silicon Valley and I kept our engineers. And we did good business, right? So, we had Apple as customer, ATT, Verizon, and so on. We did really value here. That made clear to us that what we need is a United States based go-to market strategy. S o when we converted our old company into what is Datameer today, our headquarters was in Silicon Valley. We had sales and marketing here, but we kept all engineering in Germany. So, I always joke, âDesigned in California, manufactured in Germany.âBut the major difference, to answer the question, is that the U.S. economy is way more open to take risk with new technology. Our first customer was Visa and our second customer was JP Morgan. But 10 years before, I was knocking on any German company and they ask me, âAre you working for Oracle?â âNo.â âAre you working for Microsoft?â âNo.â âAre you working for IBM?â âNo.â âWell, thereâs the door.â But here, they see new technology as a unique competitive advantage. At big banks, they have a few million dollars a year, letâs say a million dollars, and they divide it by 10 and they invest $100,000 in 10 crazy new little start-ups and see if they can get a competitive advantage. If the technology is promisi ng, they really partner with those companies. They drive the roadmaps. They really help those to companies to grow. Thatâs really interesting because as a start-up, you really want to work closely with the market. Developing a product in isolation will never work. You spend two years just in bloat. But partnering with those big companies and see what their problems, how can we solve them, really gives you the chance to build a relevant product for the market. And again, you only get customers that pay you off your bills, and that said, the sales cycles are shorter. People are more open. Germany and Europe, in general, is around three to five years behind any kind of big adoption of new technology. What is interesting though, is that they then buy the distance.So they are not messing around. They donât try to build themselves, but they really just buy commercial tools. So, I can only highly recommend that to develop your technology in Germany. That will most likely provide you gr eat technology that is very innovative. Then bring it into a market where you have a much lower barrier to entry, and United States is one of them.BUSINESS MODEL OF DATAMEERMartin: Great. Letâs talk about your business model. Can you briefly describe how the business model works? What are the customer segments that youâre serving, can you describe them shortly? And what is really the value proposition that you are offering?Stefan: So, we have a classical enterprise software business model. We have inbound of marketing campaigns that drive leads. Those are then touched by a team that we call Account Development Group. Those qualifying those deals, what you want to ask here is, âDo you really have a budget?â âDo you really have a problem we can solve?â Right? Sometimes, everything looks like a nail if you have a hammer, so you have to be very careful. The biggest mistake that a lot of entrepreneurs are doing is that, âOh my God, there is this big company, and they are ki nd of interested,â and they go into a death spiral of engaging someone who has no budget, has no problem that you really can solve. Again, the biggest mistake is qualifying. You need to talk to a hundred people to find the three you really can sell to.Martin: How do you check that? Are you really asking, what is your budget for this? Or is there some kind of circumventing them and getting some information indirectly?Stefan: Yes. There are plenty of sales books written that will walk you through psychology of sales. Asking frankly is it a good idea. If you find the right person, so-called champion, or a change agent in the organization, that change agent will help you because you have the disruptive technology that solves the problem. If not, you should check your product, right? So if you truly believe you can help someone solve or improve something, then you really need to find the person that believes in you and then you work with that person and say, âOkay. Look, Iâm sorry but weâre a small company. We canât afford to mess around for the next six months. Is there really something? Who do I need to speak with who makes the decision?â Most likely, the guy that brings you in doesnât have the check book or the decision-making authority. So you need either to find the players in the company, most likely, you have to do a map of whoâs influencing who. Usually in big companies, what are the political plays? âOh, itâs this business user over this IT userâ âHe wants to have this Oracle technology, and he wants to have this new technology,â you have to figure it out, who I have to talk to about those guys to really get in the line. Whatâs your deadline? If you donât have a deadline, and itâs not clear what happens if you miss the deadline, most likely, you donât have a commercial product. Anyhow, so thereâs a whole bunch of qualification questions that you have to do. Iâm happy to go into more detail. Call me if you want to have advice. Iâm happy to tell that entrepreneur.We also have an expensive direct-sales force. That means we have, in the United States, sales representatives. They make $240,000 to $280,000 dollars a year, where 50 percent is base salary, 50 percent is commission-based. In this space, they make between a million to $1.5 million revenue, or bookings, a year. So they have a quota that they have to deliver as well. They have a sales engineer that makes another $220,000, also commission-based. If they donât sell anything, they donât make money. They make more if they do. But if not, they make more than everybody else. Thatâs why engineers donât like to work in that business, where everybody is a littleMartin: extrovert.Stefan: Yes, extrovert. Then you gauge with that organization with the direct sales force, then move people to multiple steps in the buying process. Thereâs two things. You need to have a sales process and every customer has a buying process. And you need to under stand that buying process and really map this to each other. As a sales organization, you need to know what personas that I have to work with, what are their objections, how do I handle their objections, what is their job, what are their biggest concern, how can I position my product, can I address those concerns, all those things. And then usually, you get to area of interest in the organization, you map the organization, you get to know the different players. You go to a process of validation, you need to prove that you can do what you promised, usually itâs called the proof of concept, if you do technology. Then you go to a business justification because youâre most likely asking for a price that seems high for the customer. If not, you have the wrong pricing, right? The perfect pricing is probably that the people pay but complain about it. So, most likely, go to a business justification process and you donât have to prove, âOkay. Well, if we improve 10 percent of this bu siness process, that saves you a million dollar. So, itâs okay if I ask you a hundred thousand dollars from you. That is a whole bunch of presentations, and a few spreadsheets you deliver to the customer, and then they eventually say yes or no, then you make a deal. Making a deal means you go to 30 or 50 pages of legal documents, especially as you work big companies. Then you close the deal and you charge.Itâs interesting enough, for more than 10 years, I always was very blind and thought, âOh, I just built this great technology and it will sale itself.â âItâs click tool, itâs online, and itâs software as a service.â If you want to build a real company, the process I just described, especially for an enterprise software, obviously for consumers it is different. But in enterprise software, thatâs how it works. Putting it on some website and waiting for some people to come, thatâs not going to happen.Martin: What are the typical sales lead times?Stefan: In our bu siness, itâ half a year, from first touch to close, and it very much depends on the deal size. So if we make a multimillion dollar deal, it will take more in 12 months. If we do a 100K or less deal, sometimes we compress that to a couple of three months, but then, we are lucky. So on average, itâs for four to six months.Martin: Okay, great. Can you tell us a little bit more about how are you trying to set up the pricing strategy. You said that you are trying first to identify the value that you are creating for customers, and then based on that, it takes some kind of share and put an absolute number on there. But, how did you differentiate you pricing, based on different customer segments?Stefan: What you want to do is you want to number one, whatâs the competition charging, right? So thatâs the homework you have to do. And number two, you go to the market with a price thatâs way too low, right? Because you will start-up, you will only get a few customers, and then what yo u need to do is build this relationship with the customers and ask them, âWhatâs the value you get in out of that?â You donât want to ask that question the day you sold, maybe as well. You want to ask that 3 months later, 6 months later, 12 months later. Then based on that, you can adjust pricing. Pricing is a lot of trial and error. So today, we still do pricing trials. We have certain geographical areas where we change the pricing and see does all sales expand or do they contract, those kind of things. In the last 2 years, we doubled prices four times, just to give you the idea. And you double until you reach the point that your sale cycle slows so much down and you donât have an adoption and you correct. Thatâs what you do. You always have a pricelist and you get discounts, right? But it takes some courage in the sales organizations now to really push the pricing too. Sales representatives work a little bit different. If you are on a company scale that I am now, itâ s a lot about group psychology stuff I do. Itâs a lot about how you motivate people, how they tick, how they work. Sales representatives are always excited about huge big companies and then they give them dramatic discounts because all those companies have professional negotiators. Going after the Fortune 500-1,000 isnât a bad idea as a start-up, and then you can build up. We got lucky, we had a real interesting product that was interesting for a Fortune 100 and that was like all major market segment and we make huge deals there. But historically, my experience is you want to start with high volume, lower-touch model, and maybe you get to skim the top, where you go in there, and you expand the deals. So may want to consider an upsale team, not just the sales team hunters that just hunt for deals, but are also considered farmers, that need to expand the deals. And then a renewal team, and so on. So you get into the door, and then you put on as many user or use cases on the platfo rm that you just sold to them. Anyhow, so there are different strategies around that. Pricing is a tricky one thatâs related to strategy. I definitely recommend having low pricing and then working to expand. Lower the barrier to entry to get the logos and then expand when it comes.Martin: Okay, great.CORPORATE STRATEGYMartin: Stefan, letâs talk about corporate strategy. What do you think is the competitive advantage of Datameer?Stefan: I believe there are only three different kinds of companies.Company number one is using Mooreâs Law. Moores Law is every 18 months hardware capacity doubles to an advantage to optimize processes. Thatâs the strategy weâre in.The second category is you take out the middle man. Most likely, you get to the infrastructure technology that you can do this. Thatâs like Uber, where they take out not the cab driver, but actually the cab company in the middle that used to make a lot of money. Or think about the iTunes, think about the music labels i n between. And Amazon now with their publishing, they take out the publishing houses, and so on. So that is taking out the middle man and another optimization.And then, thereâs Instagram, Facebook, eHarmony, and the Timbers of the World. Iâll leave to you what kind of category that is. Thatâs all around, playing with the most fundamental human needs.So again, weâre kind of in the first category and what we do as a product is we disrupt the way people use to do data analytics. We significantly shorten the time to insight with our product by changing the way you do it. And the way we can do this is we have this new storage and computer platform that could deliver storage in computers at a cost that is ridiculously lower compared to what you had before. So what we can do, if this is by throwing cheap hardware after the process, we are shrinking the time to insights from 12 to 18 months with historical data analytics technology that we have ETL, dataware houses, and API on top, we put this all into one product, and now we have a hundred million dollars ROI in eight weeks and single person in one of the biggest Telcos companies in the United States, for example. Well a very big German Telco had similar ROIs. Also, it was just six weeks in a single person. Tremendous ROIs and very short. If you think about it, the price of hardware is going down, but the price of people is going up. On the other hand, we have lesser time to make decisions, but the complexity of data is going up. This are two catalysts here that really drive our business and that is our strategy, to go after and taking advantage of lower storage of computer and higher price for human beings, more complexity in data, more data, more data sources, more structured and unstructured data, but then again, less time that you have to get insights to all of that. This is kind of the direction that weâre going.Martin: Okay, great.MARKET DEVELOPMENTMartin: Stefan, what market trend can you identify in the big data industry?Stefan: Itâs really interesting. I personally have been to maybe three kind of hype cycle or Crossing the Chasm technology adoption waves in my life. I had search engines technology, I had the EJB applications server, Iâve worked at JBoss application server as well. So you always see the same thing. How do I get certain majority that enable the next generation of technology platform? And based on that, you can build next generation applications, and on top the next generation solutions. And solutions are usually very use cases or very vertical-focused. So obviously, HP, Dell, and Intel are in the hardware business. In our space, you have Cloudera, MapRs, platform business. Oracle, Microsoft, and SAP as well, they obviously late adapter. And they always have the innovators dilemma. They always have to kill their cash cows in order to get to the next generation. We are on that enterprise application layer.We are the second closest to the checkbook, to the pr oblem, and what helps. Platforms are very quickly commoditized. They sell earlier. So if you have that technology wave, the Clouderas, MapRs, they are getting bigger faster. But if you look over a period of maybe 10-15 years, the application and solution business that will make the most money. So we are here and weâre reaching a little bit into solution. Our products, specifically, we work with finance, we work in retail, we work in Telco, and then we have bucket that we call emerging. From the use case perspective, itâs three major areas.Itâs customer analytics, where we help people to shorten sales cycles, increase conversion rates in the sales process, understand customer behaviour, identify credit card fraud, kind of in general understanding customers better by bringing multiple data sets together.Or we do operational analytics. This is where Telcos understand whoâs my cell tower and makes sense to upgrade the cell tower.And then we have a lot of what we call new data pr oducts and services, where people basically selling data or providing a data-driven service. In selling data, I donât mean personal data specifically. This could be geographical data to do research for natural resources, this can be in general market data, or whatever. You usually have to pre-process and really package that stuff. Data is like raw oil. Data is the new oil that needs to go the refinery process before you get to the insights that you really can sell.Martin: When you looked into the different industries, can you identify different adoption rates in those industries?Stefan: You always can. This is true for everything. You will always have the concept called crossing the chasm, and you can apply this to different industries because you have industries adopting early on or later on. Finance historically, especially in the area we are, are early adaptors. So the investment banks of the world and the high frequency trader, they will adopt technology as early as they can b ecause itâs a competitive advantage. Next one are Telcos. Telcos also go and adopt technology as early as they can, a little slower moving than finance. Then we have retail because retail right now is under high pressure. When put a whole bunch of categories, eventually you have healthcare, and manufacturing in very late then you usually have those. Of course thatâs the big picture. And before you have all these, you have emerging. So, you have gaming companies, mobile app companies, you have Facebooks and Twitters, they will always be on the forefront because thatâs their business model. But if you go to a broader market The problem by the way, the reason I am saying the you have the early adaptors, Facebook and Twitters of the World will not buy technology. You can spend 24 months, they will go for open source technology or build it themselves. Depending on their business model, they will adopt technology trends earlirt on but it will be extremely hard to sell to them.ADVICE TO ENTREPRENEURS FROM STEFAN GROSCHUPFMartin: Imagine your little son comes to you and asked, âDaddy, I want to start a company.â What advice would you give him? âYou should do thisââ or âYou shouldnât do thatââ or âThese are the mistakes Iâve done, learn from it.âStefan: Well, first of all, Iâm concerned to think about a little kid. It looks like start-up life make me look old. So if an entrepreneur or someone comes to me and wants advice, the beauty is there is blueprint of all companies and you can really follow that. Iâm an engineer by background, and it took me 10 years to learn that just a great product doesnât sell by itself. You need strong marketing and sales. What is really cool is you can consider, as you do your product engineering process, building marketing and sales can work in the same way. You have release times, you have projects, and milestones. You can absolutely manage marketing and sales in the same way on how you manage your prod uct development team and definitely encourage everybody to look at this way. But I would highly recommend you technical founder to let go, and they have to grow. Every three months you have to grow and you have to let go after technology and just focusing on that, I advise a whole bunch of start-ups. And they always think, âOh, if we add this feature, then we will just sell better.â No, you just take all your developers and work on your website, work on an online trial, and you help to make it very easy to try the product, then work on you sales process, and then you work on PDFs that help to sell your stuff,â and so on. Donât just hide because itâs your comfort zone in the development process. I think thatâs may be the advice. Donât hide in your comfort zone but go out and try to really understand and make the other processes work because you will just waste time.And then maybe, another really good advice, âThe difference between networking and not working is one le tter. A lot of entrepreneurs think that going to a whole bunch of parties, events, and talk to people will build their business, I know being an entrepreneur is being hip right now, but go back to the basement and work, you know. Thatâs the only way you will be successful.Martin: The problem with most networking events is that, not all your customers are there.Stefan: Yes. Youâre usually wasting time. And the business development or partnerships are all a waste of time until your $50 million company, there is no reason to have any kind of partners from a technology or from (maybe from) a sales perspective in Europe. Maybe if you are around $10 million, it starts to make sense to have sales partners or channel strategy. But before that, youâre just wasting time. A lot of entrepreneurs donât focus and waste time and stay in their product development comfort zone.Martin: And what would you recommend young entrepreneurs who are currently outside the U.S., especially the Silicon Valley, working the tech product. Do you think they should really move people here so they can raise money here? Plus one of the major requirement is having an Inc., for example. Do you think they should just stay there and just try to focus on their market? As you said before adoption rates can be so much higher.Stefan: Founding an Inc. corporation in Silicon Valley and having an Engineering in Germany worked incredibly well for us because hiring engineering in Silicon Valley doesnât work anymore. Google or Facebook is hiring everybody. So thatâs a very successful model. A lot of people are afraid to do that. If you want to get a venture capital out of Silicon Valley, where 98 percent of our venture capital in the world is. Then you need to make lower barrier to entry for VCs. When you say I am GmbH, they like Gesundheit, they donât know what that is. They would never invest into that. They have no control. They would want to be in your Board meetings. So then, if you build a company, and you want to build it for the first time, guess what, the next 10 years you will be very poor and you will eat noodles and tomato sauce. You have to have a little bit of that You have to have a very high pain threshold because you will, on a daily basis, experience disappointments. It will be extremely hard. One out of 10 million get a big hit, like Facebook, right away, and building company is extremely hard work. And as you want to make a very low barrier entry for your customers, you need to do that for your investors. You need to present yourself as the business savvy, very self-aware person. You want to go and to say, âIâm not the CEO of the future, but I am the CEO right now, and you tell me if you find a better one and I will be the biggest shareholder because I have the idea. But letâs build a company together.â So thatâs the kind of message you want to get the VCs. You want to go find a product for market fit. And again, you want to build a structure that is easy to invest in. If your structure has intellectual property in Germany, and then you have a subsidiary in the United States, that is very difficult to invest in.Martin: Okay. Thank you very much for your time, Stefan.Stefan: Absolutely.Martin: And the next time you are starting to think about starting and growing a company, and youâre a tech savvy founder, try to develop your sales process as you would in the product development cycle. Thank you very much.Stefan: Great.Martin: Thank you very much, Stefan. Jacqueline Lavignehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13995915049368122049noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4201806594663096462.post-52486524969709712082020-05-22T13:38:00.001-07:002020-05-22T13:38:04.685-07:00Analysis Of The Poem Yolo - 1041 Words Greetings Cocalico students, staff, faculty, family, and friends. Like many of you I have been anticipating this day since the beginning of senior year, and WOW what a fun year it has been. Weââ¬â¢ve won a league football title, shared a few laughs, tore apart the spirit monkey, shared a few laughs, we had our tennis and lacrosse teams go into districts, shared a few laughs, and most importantly, make some lifelong memories along the way (and did I mention share a few laughs). Today I am going to transform the ever popular saying ââ¬Å"YOLOâ⬠(You only live once) into a more realistic, and more fitting phrase, YODO. YODO is not the famous Star Wars character Yodaââ¬â¢s brother, but rather the title of my speech and more importantly the phrase I live byâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Throughout my high school years I have and continually questioned that popular belief, contributing to over 7 different sports teams, groups, and organizations throughout my high school years a nd it could not have been more rewarding. Questioning things allows us to find the reality, and most times, the reward, of truth in our lives. Continually searching for this truth will allow you to love and give meaning to life. My second piece of advice as you wander out into the ââ¬Å"real worldâ⬠is to be fearless. Franklin Delano Roosevelt was spot on with these famous words from his Inaugural Address, ââ¬Å"The only thing we have to fear is fear itselfâ⬠. As redundant as his quote is, it could not be more perfect in describing the key to enjoying life. Being fearless means that your fears should not be in the way of experiencing opportunities that create lifelong memories. The concept of a fear is absolutely pointless for two reasons. The first reason is that you should never be afraid to try something new. When I was younger, I was absolutely terrified of roller coasters. And I mean terrified. For those of you who are familiar with Hershey Park, the Trailblazer was a stretch for me to go on. As I grew older (and sadly not much taller), I came to realize that there was no reason for my fear. It was simply something new. When I finally rode my first big roller coaster Jacqueline Lavignehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13995915049368122049noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4201806594663096462.post-7435987172866656212020-05-09T05:58:00.001-07:002020-05-09T05:58:03.580-07:00Virtual Child Progress Report Part I - 1641 Words Abstract This paper is a progress report of an eight-year old girlââ¬â¢s developmental milestones from ages zero months to eight years old. It is an attempt to relate the milestones, and the impact on the girlââ¬â¢s ability to interact with her social environment. It identifies changes, and struggles the child experienced over the years. It reviews the decisions the parents made and their impact to her development. It links development theories to changes and experiences she experienced. Keywords: child development, developmental milestones, temperament, parenting style, child development theories, trajectory, social and moral development. Virtual Child Progress Report Part I Shakira is an eight year old, Asian girl from a middle-class family. She is currently living with her mother and younger sister since her parents recently separated. In general, her parents get along, and often make decisions together for the siblings. At home, Shakira is uncooperative, and often in bad mood (angry or sad). She often forgets homework and chores, or leaves them unfinished. She overly reacts to stress, and unable to control her emotions. She yells angrily at family members, and slams the door to her room. Her negative behavior usually elicits anger from her parents leading to more screaming and chaos. She constantly cheats when playing games, and lies about trivial things. She cannot concentrate or pay attention in school. 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When such connections are lacking, teachers report that they face increased demands and that students are more likely to perform poorly. Difficulties that students bring to school ranging from health concerns, to a lack of motivation, to family circumstances and community problems create additional Jacqueline Lavignehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13995915049368122049noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4201806594663096462.post-85560854288771438072020-05-06T10:04:00.001-07:002020-05-06T10:04:57.503-07:00The Public Private Education System Education Essay Free Essays string(282) " of the larger literature on ââ¬Å" shadow instruction â⬠in the subdivisions below, we elaborate the conceptualisation of the intercrossed system of instruction found in Cambodia, concentrating on its divergent and convergent points with the ââ¬Å" shadow â⬠metaphor\." The boundaries between the public and private proviso of schooling in Cambodia have become progressively blurred. While the figure of private schools remains fringy and by and large limited to elite schools in urban countries, denationalization is come ining public schools-invisibly and frequently unofficially-on an unprecedented graduated table. Given policy force per unit areas from international fiscal establishments, the boundaries between the populace and the private are sometimes purposefully erased by authorities functionaries in the name of cosmopolitan primary instruction and Education for All ( EFA ) in order to impart private financess into a badly underfunded public instruction system. We will write a custom essay sample on The Public Private Education System Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this context, the private proviso of instruction non merely becomes attractive to policymakers as a feasible mechanism in shuting the support spread but besides reflects authorities ââ¬Ës committedness to deregulating, decentalisation, and marketisation of the economic system since the 1990s. In add-on to government-led attempts, concealed denationalization of instruction besides thrives at the grass-root degrees in the signifier of private tutoring, which allows instructors to supplement their meagre wages with extra income and offers pupils instruction of higher quality compared to public schools. Notwithstanding the positive facets of private tutoring-such as spread outing cognition and involvements for persons ( Bray, 2007 ) , roll uping human capital for societies ( Psacharopoulos A ; Patrinos, 2002 ) , and supplying new schemes for get bying with rapid geopolitical passages for a assortment of instruction stakeholders ( Silova, 2009 ; Silova A ; Brehm, 2013 ) -the private tutoring in Cambodia has grown in size to such an extent that it is now arguably greater in demand, value, and income coevals than the public instruction system. In kernel, private tutoring has become more of import to both instructors and pupils in Cambodia than the public instruction system because of its ability to bring forth higher incomes for instructors and supply a more complete ( and individualized ) instruction to pupils. The private proviso of instruction through private tutoring has assumed similar signifiers to public instruction, going both a differentiated demand ( focused chiefly on topi cs examined on national trials or thought to supply better occupation chances ) and extra demand ( run intoing the unequal supply of public instruction ) . It has, in consequence, usurped the legitimacy of public instruction in Cambodia. Although the Kampuchean authorities made efforts to get rid of enrollment fees in the 1990s, prohibit informal fees like buying scrutiny documents from instructors in 2005, and label private tutoring unethical in 2008 ( see Asian Development Bank, 2008 ; Royal Government of Cambodia, 2008 ) , it has non enforced such policies. Left unregulated, the market for private tutoring has begun to falsify the mainstream course of study by switching important parts of curricular content from the populace to the private proviso of instruction. For illustration, some surveies report public school instructors ââ¬Å" blackjacking â⬠their ain pupils into go toing excess lessons ( Bray, 2007 ; Dawson, 2009 ) . Other surveies have shown a important sum of new curricular stuff or prep being presented in private tutoring categories ( Brehm A ; Silova, 2012 ) . Since many instructors live in poorness because of limited or stretched income ( Benveniste et al. , 2008: 62 ) , keep backing informati on during mainstream instruction becomes one manner to guarantee a market for private tutoring. Yet, the costs associated with private tutoring prohibit many pupils from go toing these auxiliary lessons, therefore lending to socioeconomic unfairnesss ( Bray, 1999a, 2007 ; Dawson, 2009 ) . Constructing on old research about the range and nature of private tutoring in Cambodia ( Bray, 2007 ; Dawson, 2009 ) , this survey aims to straight address quality and equity deductions of private tutoring in the broader context of denationalization of public instruction. The chief research inquiry examines why, how, and under what fortunes denationalization of public instruction takes the signifier of private tutoring and what deductions this concealed denationalization has for the quality and equity of instruction proviso for Kampuchean young person. Following an overview of old research on private tutoring in the Southeast Asian and international context, we situate the survey of private tutoring in the political, economic, and historical context of Cambodia. Pulling on qualitative and quantitative informations collected in 2011 in one territory in Cambodia ( including three schools in an urban location and three schools in a rural location ) , this survey identifies factors driv ing the demand for private tutoring, compares teaching methods used in public school categories and private tutoring lessons, and examines deductions of private tutoring for long-run societal and economic equity among Kampuchean young person. Gestating Private Tutoring: The Public-Private Hybrid Education System Systems of private tutoring are turning worldwide. In Europe, most European Union states experience some degree of private tutoring ( Bray, 2011 ) ; in the United States, private tutoring is estimated to be a US $ 5 billion industry ;[ 1 ]and in Hong Kong, private tutoring has become so popular that images of celebrated coachs are on a regular basis found in newspaper and coach advertizements ( Kwo A ; Bray, 2011 ) . There is even a Chinese private tutoring company listed on the New York Stock Exchange.[ 2 ]However, private tutoring is non limited to Western and economically developed states. It has besides been found in states every bit diverse as Egypt ( Fergany, 1994 ) , India ( Aggarwal, 1998 ) , and Kenya ( Nzomo et al. , 2001 ) . Asia is possibly the continent where private tutoring is most widespread ( Bray A ; Lykins, 2012 ) , with the more economically advanced states, like South Korea, Taiwan and Hong Kong, being used as the empirical footing for what some have called â⠬Å" hyper-education â⬠( Dierkes, 2010 ) .[ 3 ] Despite the range of private tutoring worldwide and its peculiar prevalence in Asia, it however takes different signifiers depending on context. Bray ( 2009 ) conceptualizes private tutoring as an institutionalised fee-based auxiliary instruction that occurs because of a scope of issues including high bets proving, remedial categories, structural issues like overloaded course of study, and/or intensive societal competition. The common metaphor for private tutoring is ââ¬Å" shadow instruction. â⬠Yet, in our position, in Cambodia the shadow instruction metaphor misses the hybridisation between public and private schooling. Following the treatment of the larger literature on ââ¬Å" shadow instruction â⬠in the subdivisions below, we elaborate the conceptualisation of the intercrossed system of instruction found in Cambodia, concentrating on its divergent and convergent points with the ââ¬Å" shadow â⬠metaphor. You read "The Public Private Education System Education Essay" in category "Essay examples" The ââ¬Å" shadow â⬠metaphor Private tutoring is normally referred to as ââ¬Å" shadow instruction â⬠because it mimics ( or ââ¬Å" shadows â⬠) mainstream schooling ( Stevenson A ; Baker, 1992 ; Bray, 1999b ; Lee et al. , 2009 ) . The survey of private tutoring within this conceptualization is concerned with topics taught on the national course of study, non extracurricular activities, like guitar lessons or dance. The analogy to a sundial casting a shadow to state the transition of clip is frequently used to depict shadows cast by systems of instruction that tell about the alterations in society ( Bray, 2007, 2011 ; Bray A ; Lykins, 2012 ) . In peculiar, Bray ( 2009 ) explains that the metaphor of the ââ¬Å" shadow â⬠is utile for several grounds: First, private supplementary tutoring merely exists because the mainstream instruction system exists ; 2nd, as the size and form of the mainstream system alteration, so make the size and form of auxiliary tutoring ; 3rd, in about all societies much more attending focuses on the mainstream than on its shadow ; and 4th, the characteristics of the shadow system are much less distinguishable than those of the mainstream system. ( p. 13 ) The shadow instruction metaphor clearly separates mainstream schooling from private tutoring, and focal points on how the two influence, and are influenced by, one another. Evidence of private tutoring around the universe suggests that there are multiple factors driving the demand for shadow instruction. First, the prevalence of high-stake scrutinies has created a demand for private tutoring among pupils to better prepare for and successfully pass assorted scrutinies necessary to progress to higher degrees of schooling. Second, private tutoring occurs when pupils need excess aid in get the hanging a certain accomplishment or subject that has proven excessively hard to understand during mainstream schooling. Third, there are assorted structural issues that cause private tutoring, such as short school yearss and low instructor wages. Impacting all three of these factors is the increased social force per unit area put on parents and pupils to win in school. Acting as a non-academic fact or taking to private tutoring, equal force per unit area besides exacerbates the demand for excess categories, as parents and pupils perceive private tutoring as an effectual manner to gain an advantage in school, sometimes despite any existent additions in academic accomplishment. High-stakes scrutinies Within the ââ¬Å" shadow â⬠metaphor, private tutoring is often associated with an ââ¬Å" enrichment scheme, â⬠foregrounding its function in fixing pupils for high-stakes scrutinies ( Baker A ; LeTendre, 2005: 61 ) . In peculiar, high-stakes scrutinies increase pupil and parental anxiousnesss about keeping, registration, or graduation. The premise is that high-stakes scrutinies serve as ââ¬Å" a gate-keeper to instruction and labour market chances â⬠( Baker A ; LeTendre, 2005: 62 ) and that pupil success on high-stakes scrutinies would take to better instruction and employment chances in the hereafter. This is why ââ¬Å" cram schools â⬠have emerged in many states to fix pupils of assorted academic abilities ( from remedial to high winners ) for high-stakes scrutinies. For illustration, Tansel and Bircan ( 2006 ) study that extremely competitory higher instruction entryway scrutinies in Turkey create the demand for private tutoring. Similarly, the secondar y school choice procedure in Japan reportedly produces a strong logic for pupils to go to juku, an establishment offering a assortment of private tutoring lessons across all educational degrees ( Sawada A ; Kobayashi, 1986 ; Russell, 2002 ; Roesgaard, 2006 ; Dierkes, 2008 ; Dawson, 2010 ) . Some surveies, nevertheless, have questioned the nexus between high-stakes scrutinies and private tutoring. For illustration, Aurini and Davis ( 2004 ) observed that tutoring concerns are turning well in Canada despite the fact that Canadian universities lack university entryway scrutinies and are non arrayed on a steep prestigiousness hierarchy, as are universities in other states such as the United States and Japan. Although Cambodia has what look to be ââ¬Å" high-stakes â⬠scrutinies in class 9 and grade 12,[ 4 ]the commoditisation of instruction that has resulted from the neoliberal structural accommodation policies in the 1990s has practically eliminated the high-stakes nature of these scrutinies. This has occurred because multiple goods and services are sold during the full scrutiny procedure, go forthing the demand to really analyze or ââ¬Å" cram â⬠for the scrutiny to lone pupils who can non afford the assorted fees or pupils who are ethically opposed to educational corruptness. First, scrutiny replies or mention ushers ( ââ¬Å" cheat-sheets â⬠) can be purchased from local photocopy shops yearss or hours before the scrutiny. The assorted reply or darnel sheets cost different monetary values depending on their ââ¬Å" known â⬠quality ( i.e. , whether the beginning of the reply or mention sheet is known to come from a instructor, a certain location, an decision mak er, or others ) . Why would pupils ââ¬Å" cram â⬠for scrutinies when they can easy buy replies before the trial? Second, during the scrutiny, many services can be purchased from the two monitors ( instructors administrating the scrutiny ) in each schoolroom or accountants ( the instructor supervising a group of monitors ) standing outside. Students can pay monitors to allow them utilize either mini-textbooks purchased at a photocopy Centre, answer sheets, or work in groups. Additionally, for a higher monetary value, some monitors or accountants are willing to assist pupils by either filling in a clean scrutiny sheet and go throughing it along to pupils, or supplying one-on-one aid during the scrutiny. Sometimes during the procedure, pupils pay monitors, monitors pay accountants, and accountants pay supervisors ( instructors in charge of a group of accountants ) -all to maintain eyes looking elsewhere.[ 5 ]In some instances, parents pay a fee to guarantee a certain monitor or accountant is assigned to their kid ââ¬Ës category in order for that pupil to have aid on the more hard topics ( typically mathematics or chemical science ) from a instructor who teaches those topics. The jobs of rip offing on national scrutinies have repeatedly made headlines in the Kampuchean intelligence, but the assorted patterns are widely known to go on despite official warnings ( see Cheng, 2011 ; Chhron, 2010 ; Saoyuth, 2010 ) . As the gloss of any instruction meritocratic order is all but eliminated by the many fees during the scrutiny procedure, these trials are ââ¬Å" high-stakes â⬠in name merely ; few if any pupils feel force per unit area from the scrutiny beyond non holding adequate money to guarantee a high grade. In fact, pupils unable to pay the high costs typically drop out far before the national scrutinies.[ 6 ] Remedial tutoring Private tutoring is frequently thought of as assisting some pupils maintain up with the content taught in authorities school. For illustration, de Silva ( 1994 ) identified several factors that create the demand for remedial tutoring: ââ¬Å" pupil and instructor absence, frequent closing of school, uneffective instruction and carelessness on the portion of the instructor, â⬠every bit good as ââ¬Å" immature, inexperienced or unqualified instructors managing these topics may non be able to take the pupils to a proper apprehension of the subdivisions taught â⬠( p. 5 ) . In these fortunes, remedial private tutoring serves to ââ¬Å" get the better of these spreads or lacks in pupils ââ¬Ë acquisition and construct their assurance enabling them to vie with others and see a happy and pleasant life â⬠( p. 5 ) . In add-on to demand for remedial private tutoring by pupils and parents, some authoritiess have besides mandated or encouraged the usage of it. The educational system of Bosnia and Herzegovina, for illustration, provides compulsory auxiliary categories for remedial pupils. Traditionally, if more than 50 per centum of the pupils in a category are holding jobs get the hanging the capable affair, the instructor is obliged to form alleged ââ¬Å" remedial categories â⬠in that topic. Remedial categories are held after regular school hours and are an chance for the instructor to make extra work with fighting pupils ( Husremovic A ; Trbic, 2006 ) . Vouchers are another manner authoritiess can promote the usage of remedial private tutoring. In Australia, the authorities uses verifiers to fund pupils who fall behind to take remedial private tutoring categories ( Bishop, 2007 ) . Remedial private tutoring is besides available in Cambodia, but it is merely one of the many types of private tutoring ( see Table 1 ) . Students who need excess aid with assorted school topics can buy extra educational services to make full spreads in their cognition. However, this is non the chief ground for go toing private tutoring lessons. By and large, Kampuchean pupils attend private tutoring lessons conducted by their instructors as a continuance of their regular school twenty-four hours, non needfully for redress intents ( Brehm A ; Silova, 2012 ) . If pupils need remedial tutoring, they would hold to take these lessons in add-on to ââ¬Å" regular â⬠private tutoring ( Rien Kuo[ 7 ]) . Remedial private tutoring is frequently referred to as ââ¬Å" excess particular private tutoring â⬠( Rien Kuo Pises ) and is offered by instructors to pupils in one-on-one or little group lessons. Typically, these remedial categories cost more than Rien Kuo ( regular private tuto ring ) , sometimes every bit high as US $ 100 monthly for one hr of analyzing one topic. However, the separation of these two types of private tutoring is non ever along remedial lines. Some pupils attend Rien Kuo when they need excess aid on a certain lesson, and some pupils attend Rien Kuo Pises because it offers a better acquisition environment than Rien Kuo. Structural issues The demand for private tutoring besides stems from structural issues, such as an overladen course of study, deficiency of fiscal resources, or educational corruptness. First, overloaded course of study is frequently attributed to the turning demand for private tutoring, proposing that public school instructors may prosecute in private tutoring after school to learn the stuff they were unable to cover during school hours. For illustration, course of study reforms implemented in many of the post-Soviet democracies in the 1990s ââ¬Å" stretched the bing course of study â⬠by presenting new academic topics ( e.g. , information and communicating engineerings, civics, and foreign linguistic communications ) without well altering the familial Soviet course of study. In Lithuania, Budiene and Zabulounis ( 2006: 213 ) study that the freshly introduced student-centred instruction methods consumed more clip than the old teacher-centred attacks. Private tutoring was therefore used to run i nto the demand for more clip necessary to finish the needed national course of study, utilizing new teaching/learning methodological analysiss. The association between an overladen course of study and private tutoring is besides reported in surveies of private tutoring in Cyprus, Indonesia, Lebanon, Nigeria, and Russia, ( Bray, 2007: 37 ) , every bit good as Southeast/Central Europe and Central Asia ( Silova, 2009 ; Silova et al. , 2006 ) . In Cambodia, pupils and parents perceive private tutoring as a mechanism enabling instructors to decently learn the topics included in the national course of study ( Brehm A ; Silova, 2012 ) . In peculiar, many parents believe that there is merely non adequate clip in the school twenty-four hours to cover all course of study, doing specific mentions to the decrease of the school twenty-four hours following the debut of double- and triple-shift schooling. Despite the few reported instances of instructors purposefully ââ¬Å" decelerating down â⠬ content bringing to make a market for private tutoring ( Bray, 1999a: 55 ) , the sensed deficiency of clip nonetheless leads to a perceived demand for more instructional clip merely to supply needed coverage of the national course of study. Second, low educational outgos contribute to the demand for private tutoring. In states financially unable to adequately back up public instruction, private tutoring emerges as a mechanism to supplement low instructor wages, provide smaller category sizes, and offer larning stuffs to pupils outside the national course of study ( Silova, et al. , 2006 ; Silova, 2009 ; Bray, 2010 ; for the Kampuchean instance see Bray A ; Bunly, 2005 ; Silova A ; Brehm, 2013 ) . For illustration, Cambodia spends 2.3 per centum of GDP on instruction, puting it among the lowest in the Southeast Asia part and below the universe ââ¬Ës norm of 4.8 per centum ( European Commission, 2012 ) . Although the budget allotment to the MoEYS recurrent outgos experienced an addition starting in the 2000s, there has been a steady lessening since 2007 ( see Figure 1 ) . Harmonizing to the European Commission ( 2012 ) , there was a downward tendency in budgeted recurrent outgos between 2007 ( 19.2 per centum ) and 2 012 ( 15.9 per centum ) .[ 8 ]Meanwhile, surveies have found that families contribute a larger portion on the instruction per kid than does the authorities: whereas the authorities spends on mean US $ 50 per kid per twelvemonth ( Ratcliff, 2009: 11 ) , households spend between US $ 48 ( rural countries ) to US $ 157 ( urban countries ) per kid per twelvemonth ( NEP, 2007: 18 ) . Of family instruction outgos, about 38 per centum goes to education fees, which includes the cost of private tutoring ( NEP, 2007 ) . Figure 1. MoEYS Budgeted and Actual Recurrent Outgos Beginning: Education Sector Working Group, 2006 ; European Commission, 2012 Third, the deficiency of educational resources disproportionately impact teacher rewards. In Cambodia, there has been a wide consensus among pedagogues, brotherhood leaders, decision makers, and society in general that instructor wages are deficient to cover life disbursals ( Benveniste et al. , 2008 ) . In 2007, for illustration, a primary instructor ââ¬Ës base wage was US $ 44 per month, which made it hard ( if non impossible ) for many instructors to afford the basic necessities of nutrient, lodging, and heath attention, every bit good as support any kids or aged household members ( Benveniste et al. , 2008: 59 ) .[ 5 ]To some extent, private tutoring has helped underpaid instructors generate extra income. For illustration, a common 2nd business among Kampuchean instructors, particularly in urban primary schools, is private tutoring ( 41.5 per centum of urban instructors identified tutoring as out-of-school work ; [ Benveniste et al. , 2008: 69 ] ) . Net incomes from private tu toring can stand for about two tierces of the monthly mean base wage with basic allowances ( Benveniste et al. , 2008: 38 ) . Similar to instructors in other geographic countries ( such as the Southeast/Central Europe and the former Soviet Union ) , many Kampuchean instructors have adopted the logic of ââ¬Å" service proviso, â⬠utilizing private tutoring as a cardinal income-generation activity ( Silova A ; Bray, 2006 ) . Fourth, there is hold in the allotment of financess. In Cambodia, both teacher wages and Programme-Based Budgeting ( unallocated money intended for single schools, which used to be called the Priority Action Programme, or PAP ) are routinely distributed tardily. Teachers have claimed that the distribution of rewards is typically delayed ( VSO, 2008 ) . For illustration, salary expense in January 2012 had non been allocated to instructors in seven states by the terminal of the month ( Denn Ayuthyea, 2012 ) . Anecdotal narratives sing the Programme-Based Budgeting indicate that the money is frequently disbursed yearss before the District or Provincial Offices of Education require a study detailing how the money was spent. This typically leads to distort studies detailing where money was ââ¬Å" exhausted â⬠merely to run into the demands of the MoEYS. A 2nd issue with delayed financess is the escape that occurs between the Ministry of Economy and Finance ( the ministry responsible for let go ofing money to the MoEYS ) and when it reaches instructors. As money is passed from the Economy and Finance Ministry to the MoEYS, which is so sent to the Provincial and District Offices of Education and so eventually received by the schools, money is lost ( or ââ¬Å" cut â⬠in Khmer ) at each phase. One common ailment from instructors is that their wages are neââ¬â¢er the right sum. Combined, low wages-made even lower by leakage-require instructors to keep 2nd occupations, which about 70 percent claim to hold ( Benveniste et al. , 2008: 68 ) . Finally, structural issues that lead to private tutoring by authorities instructors may ensue in what many perceivers consider educational corruptness ( Chapman, 2002 ) . Educational corruptness has been defined as any pattern where a instructor uses his or her monopoly of power ( delegating classs, allowing admittance, etc. ) over his or her pupils in a system with small answerability ( Bray, 2003 ) . Contributions given to instructors by pupils, for illustration, have been labelled as a ââ¬Å" baneful pattern â⬠( Hallack A ; Poisson, 2008: 253 ) because some instructors may honor pupils who donate and punish those who do non. The pattern of instructors keeping private tutoring lessons for their ain pupils, nevertheless, is more hard to clearly label educational corruptness. For illustration, Johnson ( 2011 ) has provided grounds that Kyrgyzstani ââ¬Å" pupils blame the context, non the perpetrators [ i.e. , instructors ] â⬠( p. 254 ) of corruptness, because ââ¬Å" w orkers perceived to be lending to the grater good of societyaÃâ à ¦ [ are allowed to ] pervert from the jurisprudence â⬠( p. 253 ) . Furthermore, Dawson ( 2009: 71 ) ââ¬Å" problematize [ vitamin D ] the word picture of the pattern as ââ¬Ëcorruption ââ¬Ë â⬠in Cambodia ââ¬Å" with consideration toward the grossly unequal income of province instructors and the jobs built-in with curriculum clip, content, and instructor teaching methods in the system â⬠by locating the pattern of private tutoring within the ââ¬Å" broad social issues. â⬠To sum up, the ââ¬Å" shadow instruction â⬠metaphor assumes that private tutoring can react to the single pupil demands ( e.g. , maintaining up with the needed school course of study or bettering academic public presentation on trials ) and even systemic educational jobs ( e.g. , overloaded course of study or low instructor wages ) with the aid of the ââ¬Å" shadow instruction â⬠market. For under-achieving pupils, private tutoring may offer an chance for remedial instruction after school hours. For competitively minded pupils, private tutoring may help with more intensive readying for high-stakes scrutinies. For underpaid instructors, private tutoring may supply chances for auxiliary income. And, in the context of an overladen course of study, private tutoring may supply a infinite for pedagogues to learn the stuff that was non covered at school. On the surface, most of the factors normally associated with the turning demand for private tutoring are present in the Kampu chean context. However, they do non explicate the complicated agreements between the public educational system and private tutoring that emerged in the 1990s ( see Brehm A ; Silova, 2012 ; Brehm, forthcoming A ) . As we suggest in this survey, private tutoring is non a shadow that is separate from mainstream schooling. As the Kampuchean instance illustrates, it may be best understood as a cardinal component in a intercrossed agreement between public schooling and private tutoring, which operates as one individual system and casts its ain shadow. The ââ¬Å" intercrossed â⬠metaphor The metaphor of a ââ¬Å" shadow â⬠system of instruction reaches its conceptual bounds in the context of Cambodia. During our research, we have found that the term caused more confusion than lucidity among Kampuchean faculty members, instructors, pupils, parents, and policymakers. The ground being that the term ââ¬Å" shadow instruction â⬠suggests fee-based private tutoring is separate from, although influenced by, mainstream ( authorities ) school: no affair how a shadow is distorted by the form or size of its object, it will neââ¬â¢er be the object projecting the shadow. The premise is that the shadow and object are basically separate. In Cambodia, nevertheless, it is normally understood that a kid ââ¬Ës instruction requires both authorities and private tutoring categories. Both are inseparable parts of one system necessary to have a complete instruction. As the mainstream schooling progressively relies on private tutoring to complement what is defined as ââ¬Å" instruction, â⬠the shadow and object of schooling have become one. Students typically attend one displacement ( 4 or 5 hours ) of authorities school and so go to another displacement of private tutoring categories ( 1-4 hours, depending on pupil ) each twenty-four hours, sometimes including Sundays, public vacations, and summer holiday. Students who can afford the 300-1000 Riel ( US $ 0.08-0.25 ) hourly fee for private tutoring return to school ( or teacher ââ¬Ës place ) to hold their authorities school teacher offer lessons in what appears to be the same system of instruction. In both private tutoring and authorities school categories, further more, everything is for sale, therefore film overing the lines between what is ââ¬Å" public â⬠( and free ) and ââ¬Å" private ( and for sale ) . This intercrossed system does non wipe out some of the characteristics found in ââ¬Å" shadow â⬠instruction worldwide. Rather, the intercrossed system of instruction that includes both authorities and private tutoring categories has cast a shadow of its ain: some pupils will go to both authorities school and private tutoring categories with their authorities school teacher and schoolmates, and so buy extra remedial or elected private tutoring in one-on-one or group settings-what is called excess particular private tutoring-at a higher cost. There are even companies offering scrutiny readying classs to pupils in the capital, Phnom Penh. Thus, the boundaries between the typical construct of ââ¬Å" shadow â⬠instruction and the mainstream system of instruction, which is being privatized by private tutoring, are progressively blurred in the Kampuchean context. Public-Private Hybrid Education System In the Kampuchean context, private tutoring is best understood in footings of a public-private intercrossed instruction system where public schooling and private tutoring seamlessly merge, projecting its ain shadow. This conceptualisation implies that private tutoring is a compulsory ( private ) part of public instruction, non a deformed shadow, and therefore complements mainstream schooling where it is structurally lacking. Unlike the metaphor of a ââ¬Å" shadow, â⬠the construct of a public-private intercrossed system suggests that public schooling and private tutoring constitute two parts of one system. This conceptualisation moves off from auxiliary private tutoring ( that is, lessons that are excess to the national course of study ) and towards complementary private tutoring ( that is, lessons that are indispensable to the national course of study ) . A public-private intercrossed system of instruction implies that pupils are required to go to and pay for both public schooling and private tutoring to successfully finish the full national course of study. The map of complementary private tutoring therefore extends far beyond ââ¬Å" shadowing â⬠the mainstream system through remedial and/or enrichment instruction chances ( although these signifiers of auxiliary private tutoring continue to be in Cambodia ) . In the Kampuchean context, the chief signifier of complementary private tutoring-w hat is called Rien Kuo-assumes the maps of the mainstream instruction system itself by functioning as an of import mechanism necessary to finish the needed national course of study and increase teacher salaries-both structural failures that have complicated histories through Gallic colonialism, race murder, Soviet support, and broad internationalism/neoliberalism. As an built-in portion of the public-private intercrossed instruction system, private tutoring assumes the same schoolroom features and teaching method as mainstream schooling. Not merely does private tutoring occur inside authorities school edifices ( and frequently in the same schoolrooms where pupils receive official authorities school direction ) and is offered by public school instructors ( normally by the same instructors pupils have during regular school hours ) , but besides each category operates and maps in surprisingly similar ways. In peculiar, the usage of learning AIDSs, group work, interchanging pupil work, blending high and low ability pupils together, and even homework assignments happen in more or less the same mode in authorities school as private tutoring categories ( Brehm A ; Silova, 2012 ) . In other words, it operates as a seamless system, which merely maps efficaciously when the two parts-public schooling and private tutoring-are offered in tandem. Furthermo re, the public-private intercrossed instruction system does non halt operation when school is officially closed. Alternatively, instruction continues in the signifier of Rien Kuo Pel Vissmakkal ( Vacances ) or excess survey during vacations ( holiday ) , when kids attend private tutoring lessons during public vacations and summer interruptions to either complete the old twelvemonth ââ¬Ës course of study or acquire a head start on the approaching twelvemonth ââ¬Ës course of study. In a manner, private tutoring seems to hold been consistently integrated in mainstream schooling, organizing an institutionalised public-private intercrossed educational agreement. Table 1. Different Types of Private Tutoring in Cambodia Public-Private Hybrid Education System Rien Kuo Extra survey Some instructors conduct private tutoring lessons to their ain pupils after school hours either in school edifices or in their place. The focal point is on covering needed school course of study, which is non taught during school hours. This is the most common signifier of tutoring and the focal point of this survey. It is besides referred to as Rean Boban Porn ( auxiliary survey ) or Rean Chhnuol ( survey for hire ) . Rien Kuo Pel Vissmakkal ( Vacances ) Extra survey during vacations ( holiday ) When pupils finish school in July or August, they frequently have the pick of go toing private tutoring lessons during the summer interruption. These categories are either conducted by their pervious class ââ¬Ës instructor to complete the course of study from that class or by the following class ââ¬Ës instructor to get down the course of study before the following school twelvemonth. This gives instructors plenty time-either at the beginning or terminal of the year-to complete the national course of study. Shadow Education Rien Kuo Pises Extra particular survey Government school teachers conduct private tutoring lessons one-on-one or for little groups of pupils, typically from the instructors ââ¬Ë authorities category. These lessons are conducted after school hours either at the instructor ââ¬Ës place or a pupil ââ¬Ës place. This type of private tutoring is more expensive than the former, sometimes bing every bit much as $ 100 per month for one-on-one tutoring. This type of private tutoring is either used by pupils for remedial lessons ( i.e. , shadow instruction ) or for replacing authorities school wholly. Indeed, we found one instance during our informations aggregation where a pupil came into understanding with his instructor to go to one-on-one Rien Kuo Pises and was non required to go to authorities school on a regular basis because his instructor would tag him present. This type of Rien Kuo Pises resembles private schooling more closely than shadow or intercrossed instruction. Sala Akchoan Private ( tutoring ) school There are many types of private schools in Cambodia. From English linguistic communication based schools to private universities to engineering developing centres-all of these schools are considered Sala Akchoan ( private survey ) . However, there is one type of private survey within this class that is portion of the shadow instruction system. In Phnom Penh ( and possibly other urban countries ) , there are a few trial readying centres that fill schoolrooms each dark as pupils ââ¬Å" cram â⬠for the national scrutinies and university entryway scrutinies. The most celebrated is named Chey Thavy, which was started by a chemical science professor from the Royal University of Phnom Penh. For the class 12 scrutinies, many pupils start fixing in grade 10 or 11. Preparation for the university scrutinies typically takes topographic point during the four months between the class 12 scrutinies ( July/August ) and when the university scrutinies are administered. Rien Kuo Anglais/Barang English/French supernumerary survey Get downing in lower secondary school, the national course of study requires pupils to take foreign linguistic communication, either English ( Anglais ) or Gallic ( Barang ) . Despite that these linguistic communications are on the course of study, some pupils purchase excess categories outside of authorities school in countless private educational centres/schools/homes. This intercrossed system of instruction has besides cast its ain shadow, reflecting the typical maps of private tutoring found within the ââ¬Å" shadow â⬠metaphor ( see Table 1 ) . Similar to private tutoring in other geographic contexts, remedial and enrichment tutoring chances are available in add-on to the traditional Rien Kuo in Cambodia. In peculiar, pupils who need excess assist understanding assorted topics can buy extra educational services to increase their cognition. This type of tutoring is less common and is often referred to as Rien Kuo Pises or ââ¬Å" excess particular private tutoring. â⬠It is offered in the signifier of one-on-one tutoring or little group lessons for pupils who need excess aid get the hanging certain topics. These categories typically cost more than Rien Kuo, sometimes every bit high as US $ 100 per month for a day-to-day category on one school topic. In add-on, private tutoring for enrichment intents is available through private tutorin g concerns in Phnom Phen, where pupils ââ¬Å" cram â⬠for high-stakes scrutinies. In other words, the intercrossed system-where public schooling is integrated with private tutoring-casts a shadow that is comprised of assorted remedial and enrichment tutoring infinites. Building on the bing research of private tutoring in Cambodia, this survey examines the equity issues ensuing from a public-private intercrossed system of schooling. This research looks at the differences and similarities between private tutoring ( Rien Kuo ) and authorities school categories. Datas from this research undertaking has besides been used in other publications to analyze how private tutoring is an extension of authorities school in footings of teaching method and curricular content ( Brehm A ; Silova, 2012 ) ; the building of a post-conflict societal contract in the 1990s and its impact on the impression of public instruction ( Brehm, forthcoming A ) ; and a historical analysis of mandatory instruction ( Brehm, forthcoming B ) . A Khmer version of this study ( although non a direct interlingual rendition ) is besides available ( Tuot A ; Brehm, 2012 ) . This study takes an in-depth expression at instruction inside authorities schools and private tutoring schoolrooms, e very bit good as the deductions of private tutoring for instruction quality and equity, therefore offering a elaborate reappraisal of the informations collected for this OSI funded research undertaking ( Silova A ; Brehm, 2011 ) . Research Design and Methods The research design consisted of three parts, including ( 1 ) an scrutiny of the province constructions, policies, and local patterns that allow for the being of the private proviso of instruction through private tutoring ; ( 2 ) the differences in the quality of instruction proviso between public schools and private tutoring ; and ( 3 ) the equity impacts on instruction and Kampuchean society because of any quality differences and known cost barriers to accessing private tutoring ( see Figure 2 ) . Using participatory research attacks, this survey utilized methods normally used in Participatory Rural Appraisals ( PRA ) . One of the benefits of utilizing PRA methods is that ââ¬Å" it provides a huge range and infinite for both people every bit good as foreigners to actively take part at every phase â⬠of the research ( Narayanasamy, 2009: 26 ) . By keeping focal point groups ( 5-7 people ) and carry oning one-on-one interviews with many instruction stakeholders ( sample described in item below ) , our informations involved the engagement of many people within both the urban and rural schools under probe. The semi-structured focal point groups provided infinite for participants to research issues of quality instruction and the function private tutoring has on educational equity. We conducted semi-structured interviews as good over the class of the twelve-month informations aggregation period to make common apprehension and trust between the research workers and respondents in hopes of bring forthing more accurate information on subjects that could be sensitive. Additionally, informal interviews helped us by ââ¬Å" prosecuting in existent or constructed duologues in order to understand the people studied in their ain footings ( sometimes described as the insider ââ¬Ës position ) â⬠( England cited in Sin, 2010: 986 ) . Another benefit of utilizing the PRA method is triangulation of information. Our design incorporated non merely data triangulation ( roll uping informations from persons and the synergistic degree among groups ) but besides investigator triangulation and methodological triangulation. Some focal point groups were conducted by a squad of two research workers who so worked through their findings jointly. Furthermore, these informations points were compared with informations points obtained utilizing different methods, viz. , schoolroom observations and the analysis of academic accomplishment ( monthly classs and attending ) for pupils who were go toing private tutoring lessons and those who are non. Additionally, we built off historical analyses and updated papers analyses of authorities policies in old research to the present. The methods used in each school are described below and the instruments used to roll up the informations can be found in the appendix. Figure 2. Research Design and Methods This survey is based on informations collected between January and December 2011. The sample included six schools in one territory in Cambodia, including three schools in an urban location and three schools in a rural location.[ 6 ]The territory is economically and geographically diverse, offering penetration into assorted countries throughout Cambodia. The sample was intentionally chosen to reflect a scope of private tutoring costs in different schools depending on their geographic ( urban or rural ) location. After roll uping preliminary informations on the cost for one session of private tutoring within all lower secondary schools ( 13 ) in the territory, we selected one lower secondary school with the highest private tutoring costs ( 1,000 Riel, or about US $ 0.25, per session ) and one with lowest ( 500 Riel, or about US $ 0.13, per session ) , which besides corresponded to urban and rural countries severally. We so worked backwards to happen two primary schools that fed into ea ch lower secondary school. The concluding schools selected were chosen by their willingness to take part in the survey. Observations A sum of 28 observations were conducted, including 14 observations of public school categories and 14 observations of private tutoring lessons ( see Table 2 ) . However, these observations did non include private tutoring lessons in rural primary schools, because no such lessons were held during the four months of informations aggregation. Observation rubrics were developed utilizing instruments from a World Bank commissioned study on Cambodia ( Benveniste et al. , 2008 ) that focused on learning methodological analysis, schoolroom features, and category clip usage. The inquiries within each of these classs were so compiled into an observation checklist adapted for the last twelvemonth of primary and secondary school ( classs 6 and 9 severally ) , and used for observations of teaching/learning procedures in both public school categories and private tutoring lessons.[ 7 ] Table 2. Number of Observations by Subject and Grade Class Capable Number of Observations Government Class Private Tutoring Entire Grade 6 Khmer 7 2 9 Matematics 1 1 2 Grade 9 Khmer 3 2 5 Mathematicss 1 2 3 Physicss 2 3 5 Chemistry 0 4 4 Entire 14 14 28 Tracking pupil attending and accomplishment Datas on academic accomplishment and attending came from tracking 444 pupils ( see Table 3 ) , including 162 pupils in primary school ( rate 6 ) and 282 pupils in secondary school ( rate 9 ) . The pupils tracked in class 9 came from six categories[ 9 ]across four topics: mathematics, Khmer linguistic communication, chemical science, and natural philosophies. Although we were able to track the same categories in the rural school across all topics, a different group of categories was tracked in each of the topics in the urban secondary school. Therefore, although 282 pupils in class 9 were tracked, the figure of alone pupils in each topic varies depending on which group of categories was tracked in the urban class 9: 171 pupils in mathematics, 208 pupils in chemical science, and 203 pupils in Khmer linguistic communication.[ 10 ]At the primary degree, one category of pupils was tracked in each school. Table 3. Trailing of Student Attendance and Achievement ( Sample ) Experience with Private Tutoring Location Entire Rural Urban Primary Private Tutoring 24 43 67 No Private Tutoring 67 28 95 Entire Number of Tracked Students at the Primary Level 162 Lower Secondary Private Tutoring 75 118 193 No Private Tutoring 38 51 89 Entire Number of Tracked Students at the Secondary Level 282 Entire Number of Tracked Students 444 Student attending of private tutoring lessons was tracked utilizing a private tutoring attending sheet specifically designed for this survey. While most participants used the attending sheet, pupil attending in private tutoring within some urban class 9 and all rural class 6 categories was provided by either the remembrances of the instructor, the entire money collected from pupils by the instructor, or an attendance sheet. These tracking systems were discussed separately with each instructor by traveling through the attending list from school and holding the instructor identify either how much money each pupil provided for private tutoring ( a record kept by some instructors ) or by bespeaking their perceptual experiences of how frequently a pupil attended private tutoring ( either by memory or an attendance sheet designed by the instructor ) . This allowed us to place which pupils attended at least one private tutoring lesson during our informations aggregation period. The principa l of each school provided authorities attending and monthly class sheets. Data presented here screens attendance and monthly classs for one month,[ 11 ]leting for a comparing of academic accomplishment and private tutoring attending among pupils who attend private tutoring and those who do non. The academic tonss for class 9 focused on the topics of mathematics, Khmer linguistic communication, and chemical science. For class 6, we focused on a combination of mathematics and Khmer linguistic communication ( Khmer command, Khmer authorship, and Khmer reading ) . Although the sample is little, covers a short clip, and does non take into consideration external factors impacting pupil accomplishment ( parental instruction, past educational experience of the pupil, proviso of tutoring other than that provided by the instructor, etc. ) , our intent here was non to find causing between private tutoring and pupil accomplishment, but instead to foreground a disparity between pupils who go and do non travel to private tutoring as one factor that divides pupils and contributes to inequality. Focus groups and interviews Focus groups and interviews were conducted with pupils, parents, and instructors. Participants were selected by confer withing the principal or instructor of each school or category, who so helped set up interviews and concentrate groups with community members and pupils. Although the principal or instructor could hold purposefully selected or prepared participants, this scheme was the lone politically executable option given authorities limitations. Notwithstanding these restrictions, we did happen all participants willing to speak openly approximately private tutoring and its exclusionary characteristics. Overall, 21 focal point groups were conducted, which included a sum of 118 participants ( see Table 4 ) . Focus groups were split by stakeholder groups ( pupils, instructors, and parents ) and so by their engagement in private tutoring lessons. The end of dividing the stakeholders was to increase the comfort degree among persons in each focal point group in order to research their experiences with private tutoring. The focal point groups besides discussed perceptual experiences of the impact of tutoring on instruction quality and equity. In add-on, informal interviews were conducted with 21 participants, including instructors, pupils, parents, and principals from other schools. These informal interviews focused on the experiences of persons with private tutoring, assisting us to construe some of the findings from the observations and concentrate groups. Table 4. Number of Focus Groups ( and Participants ) in Rural and Urban Areas Stakeholders Primary Lower Secondary Combined Class Degrees Entire Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Teachers ( entire ) 6 ( 28 ) Private tutoring 1 ( 3 ) 1 ( 3 ) 1 ( 8 ) 3 ( 14 ) Non-private tutoring 2 ( 7 ) 1 ( 5 ) 3 ( 12 ) Students ( entire ) 11 ( 69 ) Private tutoring 2 ( 14 ) 2 ( 12 ) 1 ( 7 ) 1 ( 5 ) 6 ( 38 ) Non-private tutoring 2 ( 12 ) 2 ( 12 ) 1 ( 7 ) 5 ( 31 ) Parents ( sum ) 4 ( 23 ) Private tutoring 1 ( 5 ) 1 ( 4 ) 2 ( 9 ) Non-private tutoring 1 ( 5 ) 1 ( 9 ) 2 ( 14 ) Entire 21 ( 118 ) Note: The Numberss in parenthesis are the entire figure of participants within each class. Document analysis Document analysis included a reappraisal of authorities policies and Torahs related to instruction support and instructor wages. In add-on, we analyzed assorted studies on instruction quality and equity in Cambodia published by non-governmental organisations ( NGOs ) and international bureaus ( such as the World Bank, UNICEF, and UNESCO ) . Combined, informations gained through papers analysis, schoolroom observations, academic accomplishment and attending, every bit good as focal point groups and interviews were triangulated to ease proof of informations through cross confirmation from multiple beginnings and informations aggregation techniques. See Table 5 for an overview of the research methods. Table 5. Overview of Research Methods Observations A sum of 28 observations were conducted, including 14 observations of public school categories and 14 observations of private tutoring lessons. In primary schools, observations were conducted in mathematics and Khmer linguistic communication categories. In lower secondary schools, observations were conducted in Khmer linguistic communication, mathematics, natural philosophies, and chemical science. The same observation process was held for private tutoring lessons conducted by each instructor. How does the instructor Teach during mainstream instruction ( learning methods and curriculum content ) ? Does the instructor favor certain pupils? Who are they? What are the learning methods and content in private tutoring? How are the two instruction manners different? Trailing of Student Attendance and Achievement Datas on academic accomplishment and attending came from tracking 444 pupils, including 162 pupils in primary schools ( rate 6 ) and 282 pupils in secondary schools ( rate 9 ) . The end was to analyze whether ( and how ) private tutoring impacts pupils academic accomplishment in different topics. What are the differences in pupils ââ¬Ë academic accomplishment for those who do and make no go to private tutoring? Focus Groups and Interviews Focus groups with pupils, parents, and instructors were held over the class of informations aggregation to analyze their experiences with private tutoring and their perceptual experience about the impact of private tutoring on instruction entree and quality. A sum of 21 focal point groups were conducted. In add-on, A sum of 21 informal interviews were conducted with parents, instructors, and pupils throughout the informations aggregation period. What are the chief grounds kids attend private tutoring? Which topics are most popular? How much does it be? What are the difference in learning between private tutoring and authorities school? How does private tutoring impact you, your household, and your small town? Document Analysis Government policies and Torahs related to instruction, 1992-present. Focus on authorities support of instruction and instructor wages. What are the system-driven factors ( national policies and Torahs ) lending to the rise of private tutoring? The Nature, Impact, and Implications of Rien Kuo: Findingss Concentrating on the range, nature, and deductions of Rien Kuo, the findings of the survey are organized around the undermentioned three chief classs: ( 1 ) course of study differences between Rien Kuo and mainstream schooling, ( 2 ) accomplishment differences among pupils go toing private tutoring and those who do non, and ( 3 ) social affects of private tutoring. Before researching each of these subjects in more deepness, it is of import to supply a few descriptive statistics on the strength and signifier of private tutoring within our sample. General features of Rien Kuo Of the 282 pupils tracked in class 9, 193 pupils ( 68.4 per centum ) attended at least one private tutoring category during the clip of the informations aggregation. At the primary school degree, the range of private tutoring was lower, with 41.3 per centum of all surveyed pupils ( 67 out of 162 ) go toing private tutoring. The strength of private tutoring varied by topic in class 9, with 57 per centum of surveyed pupils go toing private tutoring in mathematics, 54 per centum in Khmer linguistic communication, and 37 per centum in chemical science ( see Table 6 ) . Comparing the strength among topics, a similar per centum of pupils accompanied private tutoring lessons in Khmer linguistic communication and mathematics, but a smaller per centum of pupils accompanied chemical science lessons. One account for the difference in frequence between Khmer linguistic communication and mathematics with chemical science is the manner in which classs are calculated. Each month instructors adminis ter their ain capable scrutinies to their categories. These scrutinies are neither standardized in footings of content nor monitored in footings of rating rubrics. The tonss across all topics are so added for each pupil and divided by the entire figure of possible points, which varies by month depending on the topics covered. Average capable and overall classs are reported monthly on pupil mark sheets, bespeaking the ranking of the pupil among his or her schoolmates. Across all degrees of schooling, the topics of Khmer linguistic communication and mathematics account for 100 points ( sometimes more[ 12 ]) while the other topics merely account for 50 points on monthly mark sheets. This means hiting higher in Khmer linguistic communication or mathematics will hold a greater positive impact on pupils overall grade each month than making good on topics like chemical science, which merely account for 50 points.[ 13 ] A farther analysis of informations by geographic location ( rural versus urban ) reveals a higher strength of private tutoring usage in urban countries compared to rural countries. In primary schools, for illustration, 60.5 per centum of urban pupils attended private tutoring categories compared to 26.4 per centum of pupils in rural countries. The one exclusion within our informations set is for Khmer linguistic communication private tutoring in class 9 where more rural pupils attended private tutoring than urban pupils. This divergent determination can be explained in two ways. First, it can be partly attributed to parental pick. If parents can merely afford private tutoring in one topic, Khmer linguistic communication was perceived as most valuable because of the rating policies described above and the general perceptual experience that literacy is a necessary life accomplishment. Second, within the rural categories tracked, 19 pupils who attended private tutoring were supported ( i.e. , provided money to go to private tutoring ) by an NGO. Without fiscal support to pay the private tutoring fees, these 19 pupils would most probably non hold attended the excess classs in any topic. Controling for these pupils, we find that merely 39 per centum of pupils attend Khmer linguistic communication private tutoring in the rural school compared to 52 per centum in the urban school. This is in understanding with the general determination of a higher strength of private tutoring within urban schools. There were besides noticeable differences between authorities school and private tutoring category sizes. Since Rien Kuo is seldom offered in a one-on-one scene and is alternatively taught to larger groups of pupils, it closely resembles categories in mainstream schools. Nevertheless, Rien Kuo category sizes are by and large smaller than those in mainstream schools.[ 14 ]Based on our observations and attending trailing, the mean category size of authorities school in class 9 ( both urban and rural ) was 42 pupils. By contrast, private tutoring categories were, on norm, 21 pupils. Interrupting these informations down by location, we find that the mean category size in authorities school is 56 pupils in the urban lower secondary school and 35 pupils in the rural lower secondary school. By contrast, private tutoring categories were on mean 37 pupils and 17 pupils in urban and rural schools, severally. This suggests that private tutoring categories are ( 1 ) smaller than authorities scho ol irrespective the location, and ( 2 ) urban countries have larger category sizes in both authorities school categories and private tutoring lessons compared to rural countries. Table 6. Intensity of Private Tutoring by Subject, Grade 9 Students in authorities category Students in private tutoring % of pupils in private tutoring Mathematicss Urban 58 35 60.34 Rural 113 63 55.75 Entire 171 98 57.31 Chemistry Urban 95 58 61.05 Rural 113 19 16.81 Entire 208 77 37.02 Khmer Language Urban 90 47 52.22 Rural 113 64 56.64 Entire 203 111 54.68 Course of study differences Given that Rien Kuo by and large takes topographic point on school evidences, normally in the same schoolrooms where authorities school categories are held, there are some interesting continuities between Rien Kuo and mainstream schooling. Data collected from schoolroom observations and triangulated with interviews and concentrate groups suggest that private tutoring is in many respects a continuance of authorities school in footings of learning methodological analysis and course of study content ( see Table 7 ) . For illustration, instructors appear to delegate prep ( 43 per centum of private tutoring categories observed and 64 in authorities categories ) and even present new stuff in private tutoring lessons ( 36 per centum of the private tutoring categories and 79 per centum of authorities categories ) . Likewise, pupils appear to be involved in similar activities in both authorities categories and private tutoring lessons, including replying multiple pick inquiries ( 14 per centu m ) and reacting to instructors give illustration to whole category ( 78 per centum ) . Table 7. Similarities between Government School and Private Tutoring Classs Teacher Pedagogy Government School N=14 % of categories observed ( figure of categories observed ) Private Tutoring N=14 % of categories observed ( figure of categories observed ) High ability pupils work with low ability pupils 28.6 ( 4 ) 14.3 ( 2 ) High ability pupils help learn whole category 71.4 ( 10 ) 50.0 ( 7 ) Name on weak pupils to reply inquiries 50.0 ( 7 ) 42.9 ( 6 ) Students answer multiple pick inquiries 14.3 ( 2 ) 14.3 ( 2 ) Students answer inquiries at board 100.0 ( 14 ) 71.4 ( 10 ) Teacher assigns prep 64.3 ( 9 ) 42.9 ( 6 ) Teacher nowadayss new stuff 78.6 ( 11 ) 35.7 ( 5 ) Teacher provides whole category direction 100.0 ( 14 ) 85.7 ( 12 ) Students answer in chorus 71.4 ( 10 ) 64.3 ( 9 ) Teacher gives illustration to whole category 78.6 ( 11 ) 78.6 ( 11 ) The focal point groups with instructors provided in-depth qualitative information to congratulate the observations sing learning methodological analysis and the course of study used in authorities school categories and private tutoring lessons. The first subject that emerged in the focal point groups was the overpowering sentiment that the national course of study is excessively long to finish during authorities school hours. Some instructors said they had to ââ¬Å" hotfoot â⬠through the course of study to complete on clip and feared being held accountable for non completing. For illustration, one instructor who conducts private tutoring explained: We rush to maintain up with the course of study. [ During official school hours ] , we teach merely theory and give merely a few illustrations. If pupils go to private tutoring, they can pattern [ at the board ] because there are fewer pupils who goaÃâ à ¦We can non acquire all pupils to pattern [ at the board ] in authorities category. It requires a batch of clip. The ââ¬Å" haste â⬠to complete the course of study is a consequence of a course of study excessively ââ¬Å" full â⬠to finish during the allotted clip. One history instructor who sends his kids to private tutoring explained: ââ¬Å" [ The ministry ] allows small clip [ to learn ] . I teach based on the [ allowed ] clip. If the course of study is non finished, [ so ] I allow it travel because there is non adequate clip. [ Although ] I try my best, it is still impossible [ to learn everything ] . â⬠The bulk of instructors agreed that the course of study clip provided by the MoEYS was non sufficient for pupils to pattern the theory they learned during school hours and that they conducted private tutoring to supply more pattern clip for pupils to complement the cognition gained. In other words, private tutoring provided the necessary clip to complete the course of study to a perceived higher criterion. As one instructor who does non carry on private tutoring explained, ââ¬Å" Private tutoring instructors take the lessons learned in the authorities category and supply more pattern in private tutoring. They even add more [ stuff excluded in the authorities category ] . â⬠From instructors ââ¬Ë positions, quality instruction could non be achieved during regular school hours. One of the How to cite The Public Private Education System Education Essay, Essay examples Jacqueline Lavignehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13995915049368122049noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4201806594663096462.post-51016288816021283342020-04-28T17:09:00.001-07:002020-04-28T17:09:02.582-07:00MIT 2017-2018 Essay Prompts Applying to MIT this fall? Check out the 2017-2018 MIT essay prompts!If MIT is your dream school, you should already know that MIT does not use the Common Application. Instead, they have their own application platform called MyMIT. Keep in mind MITââ¬â¢s application is slightly different. The main difference is that the MIT application doesnââ¬â¢t ask for a single, longform essay, otherwise known as the personal statement or the Common App essay. Instead, MIT asks applicants to submit short answer essays to five questions. Much like the Common Application essay prompts, MITââ¬â¢s question prompts do occasionally change between application cycle. For this yearââ¬â¢s 2017-2018 application cycle, however, MIT has chosen to keep the same 5 question prompts they had last year. Essay Prompt #1 We know you lead a busy life, full of activities, many of which are required of you. Tell us about something you do simply for the pleasure of it. (100 words or fewer) TIP: This is an opportunity for you to elaborate on an extracurricular youre really dedicate to. Or, you choose to talk about another hobby you have that was never related to school or extracurriculars. Maybe its something you do to help you destress like running or drawing, but youve never been on the track team or part of an art club. The point is to showcase what you enjoy doing during your free time.Essay Prompt #2 Although you may not yet know what you want to major in, which department or program at MIT appeals to you and why? (100 words or fewer) TIP: Given the word limit, this response is basically a very concise Why MIT supplement, so theres no opportunity for you to write something fluffy. Make sure you know why you want to attend MIT and be specific about it. If you have trouble, here are the dos donts on writing the Why Us supplement. Essay Prompt #3 At MIT, we bring people together to better the lives of others. MIT students work to improve their communities in different ways, from tackling the worldââ¬â¢s biggest challenges to being a good friend. Describe one way in which you have contributed to your community, whether in your family, the classroom, your neighborhood, etc. (200-250 words)Heres an essay example: ââ¬Å"To bring more enthusiasm for STEM to my school, I wanted to organize students to compete at the Harvard-MIT Mathematics Tournament in November 2013. I advertised, led practices and created itineraries. Ultimately, both an online team and an in-person team competed.â⬠Ronayw, Massachusetts Institute of Technology ââ¬Ë20 Essay Prompt #4 Describe the world you come from; for example, your family, clubs, school, community, city, or town. How has that world shaped your dreams and aspirations? (200-250 words) Heres an essay example: ââ¬Å"Spending the summers at my grandparentsââ¬â¢ farm, far from any sign of civilization, I was excited to dive into their small library with botany books, that were my treasure maps during the walks in the forest. As I grew older, I warmly recalled those moments for they have planted the seed of curiosity in my mind and formed my dream to become a scientistâ⬠VladlenaH, Massachusetts Institute of Technology ââ¬Ë21 Essay Prompt #5 Tell us about the most significant challenge youââ¬â¢ve faced or something important that didnââ¬â¢t go according to plan. How did you manage the situation? (200-250 words)Heres an example: ââ¬Å"ââ¬ËNo, that canââ¬â¢t be right,â⬠I declared to my two partners as we shared looks of confusion after examining our Petri dishes. With only a week left before our final reports were due, my team had no conclusive data regarding sunscreen and its efficacy in shielding our yeast against the sunââ¬â¢s death rays.â⬠MIT2018, Massachusetts Institute of Technology ââ¬Ë18 ââ¬âââ¬âââ¬â Interested in reading successful essay examples that got students accepted into MIT? Unlock all of them in one go withour curated package Ourpremium plansoffer different level of profile access and data insights that can help you get into your dream school. Unlock any of ourpackagesor search ourundergraduate profile databaseto find specific profiles that can help you make an informed choice about where to apply! Jacqueline Lavignehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13995915049368122049noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4201806594663096462.post-24838683918909095082020-03-20T04:36:00.001-07:002020-03-20T04:36:02.732-07:00Free Essays on Statutory RapeWhat is happening to the relationships we once thought were all OK? What are these relationships that are so appalling, that itââ¬â¢s illegal? It is known as Statutory Rape. It is considered to be a relationship with a boy or girl that is under the age of 18, who are wrongfully having a sexual relationship with a boy or girl who is over the age of 18. But these ââ¬Å"such age differences are of little public interestâ⬠(Darroch, Jacqueline 1) which canââ¬â¢t really assist to the laws that have already been written and stated. One of the original laws were ââ¬Å"designed to protect adolescent girls from sex under any circumstances, regardless of whether, there was consent.â⬠(Westphal, Sylvia 4) Also another law was ââ¬Å"a group of steps taken that make punishments harsh, including first, second, and third.â⬠(Westphal, Sylvia 4) The reason that the nation is trying to be more tough on this issue is because many minors do not know what they are getting themselves into, with no responsibility, and even acknowledgment of what could happen next, and this next problem would either be an unwanted pregnancy or a life threatening disease. The following facts lead to the research of my paper, of how punishments need to be more strictly involved in these uncontrolling relationships of statutory rape that lead a child into a terrible life of an inexperienced minor. Age makes a big difference in any relationship that is involved with a minor. One example is ââ¬Å"any minor that gives birth to a baby know very little and donââ¬â¢t have the responsibility or even age to deal with parenting.â⬠(Darroch, Jacqueline 1) For the opposite, an adult should very well have more experience than a minor, and is more likely able to live independently, then a minor who is most likely still living with their parents, and attending school. They donââ¬â¢t have any time to raise a child. But in most cases, unexpected pregnancies with a minor a... Free Essays on Statutory Rape Free Essays on Statutory Rape What is happening to the relationships we once thought were all OK? What are these relationships that are so appalling, that itââ¬â¢s illegal? It is known as Statutory Rape. It is considered to be a relationship with a boy or girl that is under the age of 18, who are wrongfully having a sexual relationship with a boy or girl who is over the age of 18. But these ââ¬Å"such age differences are of little public interestâ⬠(Darroch, Jacqueline 1) which canââ¬â¢t really assist to the laws that have already been written and stated. One of the original laws were ââ¬Å"designed to protect adolescent girls from sex under any circumstances, regardless of whether, there was consent.â⬠(Westphal, Sylvia 4) Also another law was ââ¬Å"a group of steps taken that make punishments harsh, including first, second, and third.â⬠(Westphal, Sylvia 4) The reason that the nation is trying to be more tough on this issue is because many minors do not know what they are getting themselves into, with no responsibility, and even acknowledgment of what could happen next, and this next problem would either be an unwanted pregnancy or a life threatening disease. The following facts lead to the research of my paper, of how punishments need to be more strictly involved in these uncontrolling relationships of statutory rape that lead a child into a terrible life of an inexperienced minor. Age makes a big difference in any relationship that is involved with a minor. One example is ââ¬Å"any minor that gives birth to a baby know very little and donââ¬â¢t have the responsibility or even age to deal with parenting.â⬠(Darroch, Jacqueline 1) For the opposite, an adult should very well have more experience than a minor, and is more likely able to live independently, then a minor who is most likely still living with their parents, and attending school. They donââ¬â¢t have any time to raise a child. But in most cases, unexpected pregnancies with a minor a... Jacqueline Lavignehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13995915049368122049noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4201806594663096462.post-79883570336892969452020-03-03T20:20:00.001-08:002020-03-03T20:20:04.087-08:00Cómo renovar pasaporte americano para adultos y niñosCà ³mo renovar pasaporte americano para adultos y nià ±os Los ciudadanos estadounidenses deben renovar a tiempo su pasaporte porque necesitan estar en posesià ³n de su vlido pasaporte para viajar al extranjero y regresar a EEUU, à salvo casos muy especialesà en los que se admiten otro tipo de documentos. Adems, para viajes de Canad, Mà ©xico, Bermudas hacia EEUU es suficiente para los ciudadanos tener una Tarjeta de pasaporte (Passport Card,) siempre y cuando la entrada se realice por tierra o por mar, no por aeropuerto. Los requisitos para renovarla son los mismos pero es ms econà ³mica. En este artà culo se informa sobre los tres posibles casos que se dan para renovar el pasaporte americano, de quà © debe saberse antes de solicitarla y de quà © documentos pueden utilizarse para acelerar el paso en los controles migratorios. 3 casos de renovacià ³n de pasaporte americano Hay que distinguir entre tres posibles situaciones y cada persona debe seguir las reglas que le aplican segà ºn lo siguiente: cuando la persona que renueva tiene ms de 16 aà ±os y puede renovar por correo,à tanto en USA como cuando se encuentra en otro paà s.Cuando no se puede renovar por correo y hay que personarse para la solicitud, aà ºn cuando se tiene ms de 16 aà ±os.Los casos de nià ±os menores de 16 aà ±os, para los que aplican reglas especiales, tanto dentro de Estados Unidos como fuera. Renovacià ³n del pasaporte americano por correo Para estar capacitado para solicitar la renovacià ³n por correo es necesario cumplir todas y cada una de las siguientes condiciones: El pasaporte actual està © en buen estado y puede ser enviado con la solicitudFue emitido cuando su titular era mayor de 16 aà ±osFue emitido hace menos de 15 aà ±osEl pasaporte actual est en buen estadoEst al nombre actual de su titular o puede demostrar con un documento legal su cambio de nombre El titular del pasaporte que solicita la renovacià ³n puede encontrarse en Estados Unidos o en el extranjero. En este à ºltimo caso, verificar con la pgina del consulado porque puede haber reglas distintas segà ºn el lugar. Para solicitar la renovacià ³n debe completarse el formulario DS-82 en la computadora o a a manualmente con tinta negra y asegurarse de firmarlo. Adems, una fotografà a de pasaporte tomada en los à ºltimos seis meses debe unirse al documento DS-82 en el espacio habilitado para ello. En el caso de encontrarse fuera de los Estados Unidos, asegurarse de cumplir las reglas de medidas de la foto que, en muchos casos, son diferentes a las que aplican en otros lugares. Es fundamental respetar las medidas que se piden en el formulario DS-82 y que aparecen claramente indicadas. Adems del formulario DS-82 debidamente cumplimentado, firmado y con fotografà a deben enviarse los siguientes documentos: El pasaporte ms reciente. Se regresar ms tarde en un paquete diferente al el que se envà a el pasaporte nuevo.Si el nombre del titular ha cambiado, una copia certificada del certificado de matrimonio o de la orden de la corte.El pago de las correspondientes tasas. Se debe pagar con una money order o con un cheque. Nunca envà e dinero. Si se est en el extranjero, leer detenidamente los tipos de cheque que se admiten y tambià ©n la cantidad exacta ya que puede estar cambiada a la moneda local. Tambià ©n fijarse en el nombre exacto que debe aparecer en la parte de a quià ©n es pagadero el cheque. Se recomienda enviar por correo certificado a la direccià ³n que aparece en el formulario y que es diferente segà ºn se trate de una tramitacià ³n ordinaria o urgente, si se est en el interior de Estados Unidos.Si se est en el exterior, se envà a a la Embajada o al Consulado que corresponda. En cuanto al tiempo de tramitacià ³n, generalmente se tarda entre 3 y seis semanas y ms pero puede pagarse una tarifa para acelerar el procesoà si se est dentro de Estados Unidos.à Si existiera una urgencia para obtener el pasaporte, se puede acudir a una Agencia autorizada. Cuando se est en el extranjero y existe una emergencia por la que es necesario viajar a Estados Unidos, es posible contactar con una embajada o consulado, demostrar la emergencia y recibir un documento para viajar que tiene una fecha limitada en el caso de tener el pasaporte expirado. En este caso, vez que se realiza el viaje, hay que solicitar un pasaporte regular bien dentro de Estados Unidos o en el extranjero. Cundo un adulto no puede solicitar la renovacià ³n del pasaporte por correo No se puede aplicar por correo para renovar el pasaporte americano cuando no cumplen con todos y cada uno de los los requisitos seà ±alados anteriormente. Por ejemplo, cuando se ha tenido un pasaporte pero emitido como nià ±o menor de 16 aà ±os. En estos casos en los que se pide por primera vez la renovacià ³n pero como adulto es necesario presentarse en persona en una agencia u oficina autorizada, si se est dentro de Estados Unidos o en la Embajada o consulado, si se est en otro paà s. Un caso comà ºn en el que no se puede solicitar por correo la renovacià ³n del pasaporte americanoà de un adulto es el de supuesto de robo o extravà o del pasaporte. Puede ser un gran dolor de cabeza y estoà es lo que hay que hacer tan pronto como uno se dà © cuenta de que no tiene el pasaporte en su poder. En estos casos,à documento a llenar es el DS-11. Renovacià ³n de pasaporte de menores Los pasaporte de nià ±os tienen reglas especiales para evitar situaciones muy desafortunadas como el secuestro de un menor.à Para evitar esos tipos de problemas los menores de 16 aà ±os tienen pasaportes por sà ³lo 5 aà ±os y deben estar presentes junto con sus padres en el momento de solicitar la renovacià ³n del pasaporte. Esto aplica tanto en Estados Unidos como cuando se est fuera del paà s. El gobierno es consciente de que a veces es complicado o imposible que los dos padres està ©n presentes, por eso establece reglas sobre cundo no es necesaria la presencia de los dos progenitores y tambià ©n quà © se puede hacer cuando aà ºn siendo obligatoria la vida real hace que sea imposible o muy difà cil. Si se tiene un nià ±o que es ciudadano estadounidense es conveniente informarse sobre documentacià ³n que pueden necesitar si viajan solos en un viaje internacional o si lo hacen con solo uno de sus padres. De informacià ³n de interà ©s antes de solicitar la renovacià ³n En algunos casos, elà no estar al dà a en el pago de la pensià ³n de alimentosà es causa para que se deniegue la renovacià ³n del pasaporte. Otro punto de interà ©s es que si se viaja mucho esà posible pedir un libro de pasaporte conà ms pginasà que el regular. Ahora ya no es posible pedir que se aà ±adan ms hojas pero sà que se entregue un pasaporte con ms pginas que el ordinario. Simplemente, marcar esa opcià ³n al rellenar el formulario de solicitud. Verificar avance de la gestià ³n Puede verificar el estado de la tramitacià ³n en la pgina oficial del Departamento de Estado para estos fines. Documentos para acelerar el paso de control migratorio Ingresar a Estados Unidos puede ser una labor que se demora mucho tiempo. Para acelerar los pases por la frontera se han creado diferentes programas para los que se puede aplicar. Por ejemplo, si se viaja por avià ³n y se llega a un aeropuertoà Global Entry y APCà pueden resolver. Por el contrario, si el cruce es terrestre entreà Canad y USA: Nexusà es el programa al que se puede aplicar. Y, finalmente, si se trata de un cruce terrestre o marà timo entre Estados Unidos y Mà ©xicoà SENTRIà es el programa que puede ayudar a evitar las demoras que se producen en los puentes internacionales, particularmente en los dà as feriados. Este es un artà culo informativo. No es asesorà a legal para ningà ºn caso concreto. Jacqueline Lavignehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13995915049368122049noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4201806594663096462.post-42006484943903531992020-02-16T11:47:00.001-08:002020-02-16T11:47:02.536-08:00Journal format Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 wordsJournal format - Essay Example I found it difficult to work with the child in that situation because I have an inborn knack for empathizing with people, most specially my young patients. I began to work with the patient by starting the child on 10 lbs. weights and then slowly increasing the weights until we reached the goal of 45 lbs. The child was obviously uncomfortable and in pain but I needed to continue with the task, offering the child words of encouragement and appeasement along the way in order to prod the child not to give up on the task. I also had an opportunity at this point to observe the nurses who were assigned to group and bedside reports. The nurse on duty for the night was quite helpful and did not mind having to teach me how to perform a head assessment on a patient. We spent the night with her teaching and me learning about how to calculate pediatric medication dosages, how to check the link for formularly medication, and other related tasks. I made sure to questions her about the diagnosis of patients but every time I asked about a patient, she would simply tell me to run a Google search. One of the patients was admitted with Jarcho-Levin syndrome, Vacterl syndrome, severe congenital scoliosis with history fa history of fused ribs, spinal bifida, and club feet. His VEPTR (Vertical Expandable Prosthetic Titanium Rib) was removed that day. I found his case quite interesting so I ran a Google inquiry on his illness and then asked my preceptor to clarify certain points pertaining to his case for me. What I did find out on my own however was quite interesting. I learned that the illness also went by other names such as costovertebral segmentation anomalies, spondylocostal dysostosis, spondylocostal dysplasia, spondylothoracic dysostosis, spondylothoracic dysplasia, were all very rare genetic disorders that are characterized by malformation of bones in the Jacqueline Lavignehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13995915049368122049noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4201806594663096462.post-53808533835294687922020-02-02T20:13:00.001-08:002020-02-02T20:13:03.156-08:00Strategic management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 wordsStrategic management - Case Study Example The Business System Model is responsible for the current level of strategic performance of the company. In order to sustain in the highly competitive retail market, Starbucks has undertaken a comprehensive strategy of integrating its business ethics, values and principles in the area of customer service in order to tap the potentially high market demand. The emotional engagement talks about a third factor introduced by the company called the Starbucks Experience. The customer gets engaged emotionally with the offerings of Starbucks and treats it as the third place to visit after their home and office (Fitzroy and Herbert, 2007, p.48). Starbucks have been able to set up their retails shops in identified locations in the urban areas which can reach the largest number of customers. Apart from this, the current strategies also involve diversification of business to the area of financial services. Findings: external and internal analysis The internal and external analysis of Starbucks has been conducted with the help of analysis of data (given in Appendix) on the strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the company which are internal and external characteristics respectively of the organization. The analysis of the strengths of the company reveals that Starbucks is the largest coffee chain spread all over the world. The company has strong financials and the valuation of the coffee segment is $4billion. Starbucks experience is an influential factor in the business that has driven internal performance of the company to new heights (Hutt andà Speh, 2012, p.29). The Starbucks products are slightly high priced and are aimed at tapping the customers who are willing to pay slightly more for the Starbucks experience. This leads to loss of customer base for Starbucks. The negative publicity of Starbucks is also an area of weakness for the company. Key strategic issues/findings The strategic issues in the business of Starbucks could be found with the help of i nformation of the business and the industry trends (given in the Appendix). The dip in the performance of stock from 2008 to 2009 reveals that inevitable gaps between the business of the company and the industry trends have developed. This has also been reflected in the slowdown of revenues earned from 2008 to 2009 and in the profits earned from 2008 to 2009 and 2009 to 2010. The strategic issues that have been identified in the business of Starbucks are inability to control the rapid expansion of its retail coffee outlets (Jenster, Hayes andà Smith, 2005, p.68). The image of Starbucks have got diluted which was built among the up market consumers over the years. The retail coffee outlets that are competing with each other intensely are also eating up their market shares. This has resulted in the of the Starbucks experience which has led to the decline of Starbucks performance. Evaluation of options The options to reduce the gap between the business performance and the changes dev eloping in the industry could be evaluated with an objective to reduce the gaps in the business per Jacqueline Lavignehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13995915049368122049noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4201806594663096462.post-41556373034550242992020-01-25T16:36:00.001-08:002020-01-25T16:36:08.766-08:00Water Mist Replacement for Halon ExtinguishersWater Mist Replacement for Halon Extinguishers CHAPTER ONE: 1.1: Introduction Choosing the best fire suppression technology is not an easy task. It even involves discussing risks and operations with insurance companies. The most relevant concern of a fire safety engineer is the protection of life which entails the safe evacuation of personnel. The starting point of a suppression system is a risk analysis to reduce the potential occurrence of a fire. This is followed by the control of the damage and the recovery effort or emergency response associated with the means of fire suppression adopted. The quality of installation, efficiency and maintenance of the suppression system adopted cannot be over-emphasised. The phase out of halons, due to environmental concerns, has lead to forceful development of new fire prevention strategies and technologies that are efficient, as well as environmentally friendly technologies. Fire protection halons were phased out of production in developing countries due to the quest to regulate the use of ozone depleting substances(ODS) as reflected in the Montreal Protocol,1987(London Amendment 1990, and Copenhagen amendment1992). Fire suppression agents have two (2) toxicological aspects to them: The toxicity of the agent The toxicity of combustion products of the agent. Several new fire suppression systems have been developed such as inert and halocarbon gaseous systems, water mist systems, gas and aerosol generators. Fire has been extinguished with water since ancient times. Water in the normal form is not a suitable suppression medium of all classes of fire. The efficiency of water in suppression is enhanced by its use of water in form of mists. Survey by Mawhinney and Richardson in 1996 showed that about 50 agencies worldwide are involved in the research and development of water fire mist and suppression systems. Water mist in fire suppression does not behave like true gaseous agents and is affected by fire size, the degree of obstruction, ceiling and the ventilation conditions of the compartment. To effectively suppress a fire, a water mist system must generate and deliver optimum sized droplets with an adequate. 1.2: Objectives and Structure of Dissertation This project aims at studying the water mist as a replacement for halons systems in the extinguishment of fires. This replacement is a direct consequence of the phase out of halons due to environmental issues and the need to find a drop-in replacement or a suitable alternative in areas where high level of fire safety is required and the cost of fatalities is too high. Chapter 2 2.1: Overview of Fire Suppression To suppress fires, the type of fire needs to be identified. The class of the fire to be extinguished also determines the type of extinguisher that can be used. There are six (6) types of fires: Class A FIRES: These involve flammable or combustible solids such as wood, rubber, fabric, paper and some plastics. Class B FIRES: These are fires involving flammable and combustible liquids or liquefiable solids such as oil, alcohol, petrol, paint and liquefiable waxes.[9] Class C FIRES: These are fires involving flammable gases such as natural gas, hydrogen, propane, butane.[9] Class D FIRES: These are fires involving combustible metals, such as sodium and potassium.[9] Class E FIRES: These are fires involving any of the materials found in Class A and B fires, but including electrical appliances, wiring, or other electrically energized objects in the vicinity of the fire, with a resultant electrical shock risk if a conductive agent is used to control the fire.[9] http://www.sqa.org.uk/e-learning/FirstLineO2CD/page_06.htm Class F FIRES: These fires involve cooking fats and oils, especially in industrial kitchens. The temperature of these fats and oil on fire is much greater than that of other flammable liquids. 2.2: Means of Fire Suppression The aim of fire suppression is to provide cooling, control the spread of the fire as well as extinguish the fire. The behaviour of a fire is charcterised by the fire triangle which has fuel, oxygen and heat as its three sides. Combustion process is represented by: Fuel + O2 HEAT H2O + CO2 â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.eqn2.1 The combustion process is an exothermic reaction, involving a fuel and oxygen. The ratio of fuel to air must be within the flammability limits of the fuel for combustion to occur. The Lower Flammability Limit (LFL) is the minimum concentration of fuel vapour in air, below which a flame cannot be supported in the presence of an ignition source. The Upper Flammability Level (UFL) is the maximum concentration of fuel vapour in air, above which a flame cannot be supported. Stoichiometric Mixture is the ratio of fuel in oxygen that requires minimal energy to support a flame. A branch of the triangle must be removed for the fire to be extinguished. Fires can either be smoldering or flaming combustion. Smoldering occurs when solids such as wood or plastics burn at or on the surface. It usually involves the release of toxic gases and can be difficult to extinguish. Flaming combustion is a gas phase phenomenon that involves the release of visible and infrared radiation. This type of fire generates much more heat. The extinguishing of a fire involves either chemical or physical mechanisms. Physical mechanism: Involves the removal of one side of the fire triangle. This can be done by either blanketing the fire (causing the fuel and air to be separated) or by removing the heat source using an agent with a high heat capacity/ latent heat of vaporization (this will cool the flame by absorbing the heat). Physical mechanism could be thermal or dilution. Thermal physical effect involves adding non-reactive gas to a fire plume leading to a reduction in the flame temperature. This is achieved by the distribution of the heat generated to a larger heat area. The heat capacity of the introduced agent determines the efficiency of the process. On the other hand, for dilution physical effect, the collision frequency of oxygen molecules with the fuel is lowered when the additional gas is introduced into the fuel-air mixture. This effect is quite minimal and negligible. Chemical mechanism: This is the use of an extinguishing agent or its degradation product to disrupt the chain reaction for sustaining combustion. This entails inhibition by halogen atoms. Most good suppressants apply both the physical and the chemical mechanisms. The type of hazard associated with an area determines the fire protection system that will be put in place. Halons have been used in a wide range of applications. Other alternatives include: Water Sprinkler Systems: This is a very common type of fixed protection that offers safe protection to limit structural damage. The cost of installing water sprinkler systems into existing structures is quite expensive. They are better at protecting structures than its contents [11]. The reliability of water sprinkler system has encouraged its wide use. Accidental discharge is uncommon with water sprinkler systems. Water sprinklers have a much slower response than other systems. They also cause a considerable secondary damage. They cannot be used on live electrical equipment and flammable liquids, but they are used widely in computer and control rooms as well as storage rooms in the USA. Detectors: This involves the use of high sensitive smoke detection. This is not exactly an active fire protection approach but it serves as an initiator to other fire protection systems [2]. Carbon dioxide: Carbon dioxide is widely used in gaseous based fire extinguishing systems. There are two types of carbon dioxide system depending on the manner by which they are stored. These are high pressure and low pressure carbon dioxide systems. It is a clean agent and has a good penetrating ability. This makes it safe for use on live electrical equipment. They are also used in unoccupied spaces such as computer and control rooms. Carbon dioxide causes very minimal direct or secondary damage and allows the installation being put back to immediate use after a fire. It is however toxic and cannot be used in total flooding situations. Carbon dioxide cannot also be used in situations where weight and space are important. High concentrations of carbon dioxide are required for extinguishment and as such they are bulky and heavy. They cannot be used in manned areas because they reduce the oxygen concentration to levels below life support and thus cannot be set in automatic mode. Carbon dioxide systems are generally fast acting and cost effective. Carbon dioxide has also found use in record storage, flammable liquid fires, chemical processing equipment, turbine generators, marine applications, computer rooms and shipboard machinery. Inert Gases: inert gases in use for fire suppression are majorly argon and nitrogen mixtures. These are electrically non-conductive fire suppressants. The mechanism behind their use is the lowering of the oxygen concentration of air to that below the lower flammability point (LFL). They are not liquefied gases and they are bulky because they are stored at high pressure. The concentration of inert gases released in the hazardous area is high because they have densities that are similar to that of air. Their response time is not very fast and so they are not efficient in situations where the rate of fire spread is high. Inert gases do not decompose thermally and thus they form no breakdown products [2]. Inert gases can cause an extreme decrease in the composition of oxygen in the body accompanied by an increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide leading to loss of consciousness or death and as such health and safety issues have to be considered in its use. Inert gases have found wi de acceptance because they pose no environmental problems. They are not ozone depleting substances neither do they contribute to global warming. They are employed in computer and control rooms, record storage, flammable liquid fires and shipboard machinery [2]. Halocarbon Gases: These are hydrofluorocarbons and perfluorocarbons with zero ozone depleting potentials. They are however greenhouse gases and are governed by the Kyoto protocol and hence its release counts towards the national emissions inventory of global warming gases. Halocarbons are electrically non-conductive, are clean agents and are not bulky in terms of space and weight. Foam Systems: Foam systems could be low, medium or high expansion systems. Foam systems are efficient for extinguishing liquid pool fires and large cable fires. In this case, the foam acts as a barrier between the fire and the supply of oxygen. The use of chemical dispersants to clean up after its use has limited the wide use of foam systems. Furthermore the use of smoke detectors for its activation limits its speed of response. They cannot be used to protect any substance that reacts violently with water. Foams systems are often used with water sprinklers. This increases the efficiency of the systems. Foam systems have found use in the extinguishment of flammable liquid fires, engine compartments and shipboard machinery. Dry Powder: Powders have very high response time for extinguishing fires but have no cooling effect. They thus become ineffective as soon as it settles [2]. They are limited in application to extinguishing flammable liquid fires as well as engine spaces. Fine Solid Particulates: This system is used in combination with halocarbon gases and inert gases [2]. They have the advantage of reduced wall and surface losses relative to water mist and particle size is easier to control[2]. They however pose problems to sensitive equipment and cannot be used for explosion suppression applications because they are generated at high temperatures. Fine solid particulates can only be used in unmanned areas because of the problems associated with inhalation of particulate substances. Water Mist: This employs the use of fine water sprays, usually less than 100 microns in diameter. Water mists can be used on flammable liquid fires, as well as electrical equipment. They are not as effective on small or slow burning fires. Water mist installations pose problems in their design and fabrication. Hybrid Systems: Hybrid systems combine one or more of the above fire protection system. A common example of this is the combination of water mist systems and carbon dioxide. There are two methods of applying fire extinguishing agents-Total Flooding and Local Application. Total Flooding: They are operated automatically and manually. It entails applying an extinguishing agent to an enclosed space to achieve a concentration of the extinguisher that is capable of putting out the fire. This method is the most common system of application Local Application: The agent is applied directly onto the fire plume or the affected enclosure. Portable fire extinguishers are the most common forms of this approach. This method is also known as streaming application. There is an increase in the need for the phasing out of halons and this has brought the search for the perfect or drop-in replacement. The department of trade and industry in 1995 listed checklists for the selection of alternatives to halons in critical uses situations as: Fire fighting effectiveness: This involves the speed of fire suppression, the post fire hold time, the ability of the alternative to permeate, the elimination of the risk of reignition, the suitability of the alternative to the fire hazard. Ease of Installation: Ease of maintenance, pipe work, and cost of installation, cost of refill, floor space and weight, system re-instate time, and availability of the extinguisher. Hazards to occupants: Toxicity, noise levels, pressurisation, inhalation, visibility, safety as regards electrical work, thermal decomposition products [2]. Discharge effect on equipment: water damage, clean up, corrosion, thermal shock. Environmental acceptability: Ozone depletion potential, atmospheric lifetime, and global warming potential. Discharge damage: This entails clean up of the agent after use, water damage, thermal shock and corrosion. Esso Australia, while looking for alternatives to halons on their installations considered the following issues [14]: Effectiveness at extinguishing fires Environmental effects (a zero ozone depleting and global warming potential) of the agent before use and after thermal decomposition. Toxicity level and a safety margin between its No Observed Adverse Effects Level (NOAEL value) and the extinguishing concentration required Third party approval from regulatory bodies and safety partners such as International Maritime Organisation (IMO), NFPA, and EPA or Underwriters laboratory Organisations. Level of engineering required to modify an existing halon protected installations. Availability as regards to installation and maintenance at a reasonable cost. 2.2: Health and Safety Issues Considering the health and safety in the UK, there is no specific regulation as regards choice of fire extinguishing systems. Otherwise fire risks and risk from the use of extinguishment can be categorised under risks at work. The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1992 stipulates all risks at work are to be assessed and prevented where ever it is reasonably practicable, controlled. In cases where fire extinguishing systems contain toxic substances then the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 1988 (COSHH regs) will also apply. The basis of the two regulations is the prevention rather than control of the risk. 2.3: Environmental regulations The International Maritime Organisation (IMO) has prohibited the use of new halon systems from 1994, but accepts the use of existing ones. The EU has banned its use onboard vessels by the end of 2003. The following are regulations that are put in place to phase out the use of halons. The Montreal protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone layer- the Montreal protocol, signed by 25 countries on the 16th of September, 1987 is an international treaty for the control of the production and use of ozone depleting substances. It involves the restriction and eventual prohibition of the production, distribution and use of Ozone Depleting Substances. A copy of this document is attached in Appendix 1. The EC regulations: This European legislation was put in place to further tighten the restriction on the ban of ozone depleting substances. EC Regulation 3093/94 came into force on the 23rd of December 1994. EC Regulation 3093/94 is directly binding in all EU Member States and does not require any national implementing legislation. The new Regulation EC 2037/2000 came into force on 1 October 2000, replacing the Regulation 3093/94. The enforcement requires the use of bodies such as the HM Customs and Excise concerning import of controlled substances. The Department of the Environment proposes to implement these arrangements through enforcement regulations made under both the Environmental Protection Act 1990 s.140 and the European Communities Act 1972.(EC REGULATION) The new requirements are applicable to the production, distribution, use and recovery, and control of hazardous substances. The regulations also require the recovery of used controlled substances from certain equipment, s uch as fire protection systems, for disposal or recycling, during servicing and maintenance procedures of equipment. A copy of the regulation is attached to Appendix 2. The Victorian Environment Protection Legislation for the Control of Ozone Depleting substances (Victorian Government Gazette No.S57, 1990) this piece of legislation depicts the Australian governments compliance, reliance and advocacy to the implementation of the Montreal protocol on the phasing out of halon use [14]. Environmental Protection agency: Under the Clean Air Amendment, the United States Environmental Protection agency, EPA analysed various substances that could substitute fire extinguishing agents that destroy the ozone layer. These substances also have low global warming potential and low Atmospheric lifetime. The SNAP program (Significant New Alternatives Policy) is used by the EPA to replace the use of halons with environmentally friendly systems in the United States. The Clean Air Act was signed into law in 1990. With this Act, the US banned the production and import of new halons 1211, 1301 and 2402 from the 1st of January 1994 in compliance with the Montreal Protocol. The US government also imposed excise tax on halons through specialized training and proper recycling and disposal. Chapter Three: Halon Systems Halon is the generic name for bromine contained halogenated hydrocarbons. Halons systems were first installed in the late 1960s and early 1970s. In the gaseous form, halons are excellent fire extinguishers. Halons are mostly employed in situations where fire safety standards are high. Halons are identified by a four digit number. The numbering system is assigned by the number of carbon, number of fluorine, chlorine and bromine atoms respectively. Halon 1301, containing carbon, fluorine and bromine is used in total flooding applications while halon 1211, containing carbon, fluorine, chlorine and bromine is used as hand held portable extinguishers. The two common halon types described are effective in extinguishing classes A, B and C fires. These halons are preferred because they exhibited: high efficiency in suffocating combustion, availability in volume at reasonable cost, high storage stability, low electrical conductivity, as well as acceptable toxic properties. 3.1: Characteristics of Halons Halons interfere with the chemical reactions which take place during a fire. The properties of halons allow for its use in most situations and thus most of its applications are linked to particular characteristics. These principal applications include: Clean fire fighting agent: Halons leave no residue after use. This eliminates secondary damages and keeping loss caused by the fire to a minimum [12]. Electrically non-conductive: This property makes it suitable for safe application on fires involving electrical equipment. It will prevent exposure of fire fighters to electric shock. Low toxicity: This property makes halons acceptable and in most cases halon flooding systems are set in automatic mode by default. They can also be used to extinguish fires while people are present in the protected room. Halon flooding systems do not displace so much oxygen which can lead to suffocation[12] Rapid response: Halons are effective for rapid knockdown of flames. This property is mostly essential for class B fires involving liquid and liquefiable solids. Low concentration requirement: This means low quantity or amount of halons are required for extinguishment. It minimizes weight and space allowance [12]. Gaseous state: This allows for good penetration and effective extinguishment in confined spaces. Boiling point: The boiling point of about -4 allows it to be discharged (in the case of hand-held extinguishers) as a liquid for a while before it vaporises. This is a key requirement in some manual fire fighting applications.[12] Low heat of vaporisation: Halons will not condense to form water or ice in halon flooding systems. The most important advantage of halons is in its cost effectiveness. Halon fixed systems are the most cost effective of all extinguishing systems. 3.2: Extinguishing Mechanisms of Halons Halons extinguish fires both chemically and physically. Chemically they interfere with the chemical reactions that take place during the fire. This characterises halons as inhibitors. Radicals released during combustion to keep the fire burning are suppressed chemically by halons. This reaction is anti-catalytic. When halons are heated during combustion, they produce free radicals which compete with those produced by the original combustion process [2]. Halon 1301 produces bromine radicals which react with hydrogen free radicals to produce hydrogen bromide. The hydrogen bromide then reacts with hydroxyl radical to form water and bromide. The bromide released reacts with the combustion fire again and the whole cycle is repeated. The hydrogen and hydroxyl free radicals produced by combustion are greatly reduced in concentration by combining with the halogen free radicals produced by halons [3]. Where RH is the combustible fuel, XBr is a halon agent RH + O2 ENERGY OH + R â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.eqn3.1 XBr ENERGY Br + Xâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦eqn3.2 RH + Br HBr + Râ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦eqn3.3 HBr + OH H2O + Brâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦eqn3.4 RH ENERGY R + Hâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦eqn3.5 H + Br HBrâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦eqn3.6 The combination of bromine and hydroxyl radical is also an ozone destructive reaction: HOBr UV Br + OHâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦..eqn3.7 OH + O3 HO2 + O2..eqn3.8 Br + O3 BrO + O2â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦eqn3.9 BrO + HO2 HOBr + O2 â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦..eqn3.10 3.3: HALONS AND THE OZONE 3.3.1: The ozone layer The earth is enclosed by the atmosphere. This atmosphere is made up of a mixture of numerous gases in varying proportions. The atmosphere is further subdivided into three regions depending on temperature. These regions are: Mesosphere, Stratosphere and Troposphere. The word ozone is from a Greek word, ozein, for to smell. It is an allotropic form of oxygen having three atoms in each molecule. It is a pale blue, highly poisonous gas with a strong odour. [10] In its thickest part in the stratosphere, it is only a trace gas.. Ozone is highest in concentration, about 97%, in the stratosphere (15-60 kilometers above the Earths surface) where it absorbs the ultraviolet radiation from the sun. Ozone is also highly concentrated at the Earths surface in and around cities. The buildup of ozone on the earths surface in and around cities is a result of industrial activities and is toxic to organisms living at the Earths surface. Table 3.1 shows the percentage volume composition of the constituents of atmospheric air *variable gases http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/7a.html Ozone is very reactive and a stronger oxidising agent than oxygen. It is used in purifying water, sterilising air, and bleaching certain foods. Ozone is formed when an electric spark is passed through oxygen. Ozone is prepared commercially by passing cold, dry oxygen through a silent electrical discharge [7]. Ozone formed in the atmosphere is from nitrogen oxides and organic gases emitted by automobiles and industrial sources [7]. This is achieved by short wavelength ultraviolet. This is actually a health hazard, and it may cause crop damage in some regions. Ultraviolet wavelengths less than 200 nanometer reacts with oxygen molecules to make ozone. O2 UV O + Oâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦eqn3.11 O + O2 O3 + Heatâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.eqn3.12 The heat released here is absorbed by the atmosphere and results in a rise in temperature of the atmosphere. The structure of ozone has 3 oxygen atoms, but steric hindrance prevents it from forming a triangular structure, with each O atom forming the expected 2 bonds. Instead each atom of oxygen forms only 1 bond, with the remaining negative charge being spread throughout the molecule.[7] Ozone is very unstable. It is decomposed either by collision with monoatomic oxygen or by ultraviolet radiation on it. The decomposition causes ozone to form oxygen molecules. Heat is also released to the atmosphere by this reaction O + O3 O2 + O2â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.eqn3.13 O3 UV O2 + O + Heatâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.eqn3.14 Ozone is decomposed in the stratosphere to prevent highly energetic ultraviolet radiation from reaching the surface of the earth. 3.3.2: Halons and ozone depletion The ozone layer is mainly depleted by compounds containing chlorine and bromine. Halogens are a chemical family containing fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine; any carbon compound containing them is known as a halocarbon. While all halogens have the ability to catalyze ozone breakdown, they have an unequal impact on the ozone layer. The quantity of halons released into the atmosphere is small relative to the number of gases present in the atmosphere. Yet they are more active in destroying the ozone or disrupting the ozone balance for two reasons: Ozone is in a constant state of imbalance, as it is destroyed and produced by natural processes. This process is controlled by solar input that does not undergo significant fluctuations. The stability of halons makes it transportable from the troposphere to the stratosphere where halogens are made active and broken down very fast, destroying ozone in the stratosphere. . The impact is described as depletion potential of the halocarbon. The OZONE DEPLETING POTENTIAL (ODP) is a simple measure of its ability to destroy stratospheric ozone. The ODP of compounds are calculated with reference to the ODP of CFC-11, which is defined to be 1. Thus ODP is a relative measure. A compound withan ODP of 0.2 is, roughly speaking, one-fifth as bad as CFC-11. The ODP of a compound x is expressed mathematically as the ratio of the total amount of ozone destroyed by a fixed amount of compound x to the amount of ozone destroyed by the same mass of CFC-11[8]: Global loss of Ozone due to x ODP(x) == â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦..eqn3.15[8] Global loss of ozone due to CFC-11. The above expression depicts that the ODP of CFC-11 is 1.0 by definition. The uncertainties experienced in evaluating the global loss of ozone due to a compound are eliminated here since the mathematical expression is a ratio. Evaluating the ODP of a compound is affected by the following: The quantity of chlorine or bromine atoms in a molecule. The nature of the halogen, as bromine is a more ozone- destructive catalyst than chlorine. Atmospheric lifetime of the substance: The atmospheric lifetime of the halon is the time it takes for the global amount of the gas to decay to 36.8% of its original concentration after initial emission. Compounds with low atmospheric lifetimes have lower ODP because it is destroyed in the troposphere. Molecular mass of the substance: This is because ODP is evaluated by comparing equal masses and not number of moles. Table3.2 gives time-dependent and steady-state ODPs for some halocarbon in wide use. Compound Formula Ozone Depletion Potential 10yr 30yr 100yr Steady State CFC-113 CF2ClFCl2 0.56 0.62 0.78 1.10 Carbon tetrachloride CCl4 1.25 1.22 1.14 1.08 Methyl Chloroform CH3CCl3 0.75 0.32 0.15 0.12 HCFC-22 CHF2Cl 0.17 0.12 0.07 0.05 Halon-1301 CF3Br 10.4 Water Mist Replacement for Halon Extinguishers Water Mist Replacement for Halon Extinguishers CHAPTER ONE: 1.1: Introduction Choosing the best fire suppression technology is not an easy task. It even involves discussing risks and operations with insurance companies. The most relevant concern of a fire safety engineer is the protection of life which entails the safe evacuation of personnel. The starting point of a suppression system is a risk analysis to reduce the potential occurrence of a fire. This is followed by the control of the damage and the recovery effort or emergency response associated with the means of fire suppression adopted. The quality of installation, efficiency and maintenance of the suppression system adopted cannot be over-emphasised. The phase out of halons, due to environmental concerns, has lead to forceful development of new fire prevention strategies and technologies that are efficient, as well as environmentally friendly technologies. Fire protection halons were phased out of production in developing countries due to the quest to regulate the use of ozone depleting substances(ODS) as reflected in the Montreal Protocol,1987(London Amendment 1990, and Copenhagen amendment1992). Fire suppression agents have two (2) toxicological aspects to them: The toxicity of the agent The toxicity of combustion products of the agent. Several new fire suppression systems have been developed such as inert and halocarbon gaseous systems, water mist systems, gas and aerosol generators. Fire has been extinguished with water since ancient times. Water in the normal form is not a suitable suppression medium of all classes of fire. The efficiency of water in suppression is enhanced by its use of water in form of mists. Survey by Mawhinney and Richardson in 1996 showed that about 50 agencies worldwide are involved in the research and development of water fire mist and suppression systems. Water mist in fire suppression does not behave like true gaseous agents and is affected by fire size, the degree of obstruction, ceiling and the ventilation conditions of the compartment. To effectively suppress a fire, a water mist system must generate and deliver optimum sized droplets with an adequate. 1.2: Objectives and Structure of Dissertation This project aims at studying the water mist as a replacement for halons systems in the extinguishment of fires. This replacement is a direct consequence of the phase out of halons due to environmental issues and the need to find a drop-in replacement or a suitable alternative in areas where high level of fire safety is required and the cost of fatalities is too high. Chapter 2 2.1: Overview of Fire Suppression To suppress fires, the type of fire needs to be identified. The class of the fire to be extinguished also determines the type of extinguisher that can be used. There are six (6) types of fires: Class A FIRES: These involve flammable or combustible solids such as wood, rubber, fabric, paper and some plastics. Class B FIRES: These are fires involving flammable and combustible liquids or liquefiable solids such as oil, alcohol, petrol, paint and liquefiable waxes.[9] Class C FIRES: These are fires involving flammable gases such as natural gas, hydrogen, propane, butane.[9] Class D FIRES: These are fires involving combustible metals, such as sodium and potassium.[9] Class E FIRES: These are fires involving any of the materials found in Class A and B fires, but including electrical appliances, wiring, or other electrically energized objects in the vicinity of the fire, with a resultant electrical shock risk if a conductive agent is used to control the fire.[9] http://www.sqa.org.uk/e-learning/FirstLineO2CD/page_06.htm Class F FIRES: These fires involve cooking fats and oils, especially in industrial kitchens. The temperature of these fats and oil on fire is much greater than that of other flammable liquids. 2.2: Means of Fire Suppression The aim of fire suppression is to provide cooling, control the spread of the fire as well as extinguish the fire. The behaviour of a fire is charcterised by the fire triangle which has fuel, oxygen and heat as its three sides. Combustion process is represented by: Fuel + O2 HEAT H2O + CO2 â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.eqn2.1 The combustion process is an exothermic reaction, involving a fuel and oxygen. The ratio of fuel to air must be within the flammability limits of the fuel for combustion to occur. The Lower Flammability Limit (LFL) is the minimum concentration of fuel vapour in air, below which a flame cannot be supported in the presence of an ignition source. The Upper Flammability Level (UFL) is the maximum concentration of fuel vapour in air, above which a flame cannot be supported. Stoichiometric Mixture is the ratio of fuel in oxygen that requires minimal energy to support a flame. A branch of the triangle must be removed for the fire to be extinguished. Fires can either be smoldering or flaming combustion. Smoldering occurs when solids such as wood or plastics burn at or on the surface. It usually involves the release of toxic gases and can be difficult to extinguish. Flaming combustion is a gas phase phenomenon that involves the release of visible and infrared radiation. This type of fire generates much more heat. The extinguishing of a fire involves either chemical or physical mechanisms. Physical mechanism: Involves the removal of one side of the fire triangle. This can be done by either blanketing the fire (causing the fuel and air to be separated) or by removing the heat source using an agent with a high heat capacity/ latent heat of vaporization (this will cool the flame by absorbing the heat). Physical mechanism could be thermal or dilution. Thermal physical effect involves adding non-reactive gas to a fire plume leading to a reduction in the flame temperature. This is achieved by the distribution of the heat generated to a larger heat area. The heat capacity of the introduced agent determines the efficiency of the process. On the other hand, for dilution physical effect, the collision frequency of oxygen molecules with the fuel is lowered when the additional gas is introduced into the fuel-air mixture. This effect is quite minimal and negligible. Chemical mechanism: This is the use of an extinguishing agent or its degradation product to disrupt the chain reaction for sustaining combustion. This entails inhibition by halogen atoms. Most good suppressants apply both the physical and the chemical mechanisms. The type of hazard associated with an area determines the fire protection system that will be put in place. Halons have been used in a wide range of applications. Other alternatives include: Water Sprinkler Systems: This is a very common type of fixed protection that offers safe protection to limit structural damage. The cost of installing water sprinkler systems into existing structures is quite expensive. They are better at protecting structures than its contents [11]. The reliability of water sprinkler system has encouraged its wide use. Accidental discharge is uncommon with water sprinkler systems. Water sprinklers have a much slower response than other systems. They also cause a considerable secondary damage. They cannot be used on live electrical equipment and flammable liquids, but they are used widely in computer and control rooms as well as storage rooms in the USA. Detectors: This involves the use of high sensitive smoke detection. This is not exactly an active fire protection approach but it serves as an initiator to other fire protection systems [2]. Carbon dioxide: Carbon dioxide is widely used in gaseous based fire extinguishing systems. There are two types of carbon dioxide system depending on the manner by which they are stored. These are high pressure and low pressure carbon dioxide systems. It is a clean agent and has a good penetrating ability. This makes it safe for use on live electrical equipment. They are also used in unoccupied spaces such as computer and control rooms. Carbon dioxide causes very minimal direct or secondary damage and allows the installation being put back to immediate use after a fire. It is however toxic and cannot be used in total flooding situations. Carbon dioxide cannot also be used in situations where weight and space are important. High concentrations of carbon dioxide are required for extinguishment and as such they are bulky and heavy. They cannot be used in manned areas because they reduce the oxygen concentration to levels below life support and thus cannot be set in automatic mode. Carbon dioxide systems are generally fast acting and cost effective. Carbon dioxide has also found use in record storage, flammable liquid fires, chemical processing equipment, turbine generators, marine applications, computer rooms and shipboard machinery. Inert Gases: inert gases in use for fire suppression are majorly argon and nitrogen mixtures. These are electrically non-conductive fire suppressants. The mechanism behind their use is the lowering of the oxygen concentration of air to that below the lower flammability point (LFL). They are not liquefied gases and they are bulky because they are stored at high pressure. The concentration of inert gases released in the hazardous area is high because they have densities that are similar to that of air. Their response time is not very fast and so they are not efficient in situations where the rate of fire spread is high. Inert gases do not decompose thermally and thus they form no breakdown products [2]. Inert gases can cause an extreme decrease in the composition of oxygen in the body accompanied by an increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide leading to loss of consciousness or death and as such health and safety issues have to be considered in its use. Inert gases have found wi de acceptance because they pose no environmental problems. They are not ozone depleting substances neither do they contribute to global warming. They are employed in computer and control rooms, record storage, flammable liquid fires and shipboard machinery [2]. Halocarbon Gases: These are hydrofluorocarbons and perfluorocarbons with zero ozone depleting potentials. They are however greenhouse gases and are governed by the Kyoto protocol and hence its release counts towards the national emissions inventory of global warming gases. Halocarbons are electrically non-conductive, are clean agents and are not bulky in terms of space and weight. Foam Systems: Foam systems could be low, medium or high expansion systems. Foam systems are efficient for extinguishing liquid pool fires and large cable fires. In this case, the foam acts as a barrier between the fire and the supply of oxygen. The use of chemical dispersants to clean up after its use has limited the wide use of foam systems. Furthermore the use of smoke detectors for its activation limits its speed of response. They cannot be used to protect any substance that reacts violently with water. Foams systems are often used with water sprinklers. This increases the efficiency of the systems. Foam systems have found use in the extinguishment of flammable liquid fires, engine compartments and shipboard machinery. Dry Powder: Powders have very high response time for extinguishing fires but have no cooling effect. They thus become ineffective as soon as it settles [2]. They are limited in application to extinguishing flammable liquid fires as well as engine spaces. Fine Solid Particulates: This system is used in combination with halocarbon gases and inert gases [2]. They have the advantage of reduced wall and surface losses relative to water mist and particle size is easier to control[2]. They however pose problems to sensitive equipment and cannot be used for explosion suppression applications because they are generated at high temperatures. Fine solid particulates can only be used in unmanned areas because of the problems associated with inhalation of particulate substances. Water Mist: This employs the use of fine water sprays, usually less than 100 microns in diameter. Water mists can be used on flammable liquid fires, as well as electrical equipment. They are not as effective on small or slow burning fires. Water mist installations pose problems in their design and fabrication. Hybrid Systems: Hybrid systems combine one or more of the above fire protection system. A common example of this is the combination of water mist systems and carbon dioxide. There are two methods of applying fire extinguishing agents-Total Flooding and Local Application. Total Flooding: They are operated automatically and manually. It entails applying an extinguishing agent to an enclosed space to achieve a concentration of the extinguisher that is capable of putting out the fire. This method is the most common system of application Local Application: The agent is applied directly onto the fire plume or the affected enclosure. Portable fire extinguishers are the most common forms of this approach. This method is also known as streaming application. There is an increase in the need for the phasing out of halons and this has brought the search for the perfect or drop-in replacement. The department of trade and industry in 1995 listed checklists for the selection of alternatives to halons in critical uses situations as: Fire fighting effectiveness: This involves the speed of fire suppression, the post fire hold time, the ability of the alternative to permeate, the elimination of the risk of reignition, the suitability of the alternative to the fire hazard. Ease of Installation: Ease of maintenance, pipe work, and cost of installation, cost of refill, floor space and weight, system re-instate time, and availability of the extinguisher. Hazards to occupants: Toxicity, noise levels, pressurisation, inhalation, visibility, safety as regards electrical work, thermal decomposition products [2]. Discharge effect on equipment: water damage, clean up, corrosion, thermal shock. Environmental acceptability: Ozone depletion potential, atmospheric lifetime, and global warming potential. Discharge damage: This entails clean up of the agent after use, water damage, thermal shock and corrosion. Esso Australia, while looking for alternatives to halons on their installations considered the following issues [14]: Effectiveness at extinguishing fires Environmental effects (a zero ozone depleting and global warming potential) of the agent before use and after thermal decomposition. Toxicity level and a safety margin between its No Observed Adverse Effects Level (NOAEL value) and the extinguishing concentration required Third party approval from regulatory bodies and safety partners such as International Maritime Organisation (IMO), NFPA, and EPA or Underwriters laboratory Organisations. Level of engineering required to modify an existing halon protected installations. Availability as regards to installation and maintenance at a reasonable cost. 2.2: Health and Safety Issues Considering the health and safety in the UK, there is no specific regulation as regards choice of fire extinguishing systems. Otherwise fire risks and risk from the use of extinguishment can be categorised under risks at work. The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1992 stipulates all risks at work are to be assessed and prevented where ever it is reasonably practicable, controlled. In cases where fire extinguishing systems contain toxic substances then the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 1988 (COSHH regs) will also apply. The basis of the two regulations is the prevention rather than control of the risk. 2.3: Environmental regulations The International Maritime Organisation (IMO) has prohibited the use of new halon systems from 1994, but accepts the use of existing ones. The EU has banned its use onboard vessels by the end of 2003. The following are regulations that are put in place to phase out the use of halons. The Montreal protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone layer- the Montreal protocol, signed by 25 countries on the 16th of September, 1987 is an international treaty for the control of the production and use of ozone depleting substances. It involves the restriction and eventual prohibition of the production, distribution and use of Ozone Depleting Substances. A copy of this document is attached in Appendix 1. The EC regulations: This European legislation was put in place to further tighten the restriction on the ban of ozone depleting substances. EC Regulation 3093/94 came into force on the 23rd of December 1994. EC Regulation 3093/94 is directly binding in all EU Member States and does not require any national implementing legislation. The new Regulation EC 2037/2000 came into force on 1 October 2000, replacing the Regulation 3093/94. The enforcement requires the use of bodies such as the HM Customs and Excise concerning import of controlled substances. The Department of the Environment proposes to implement these arrangements through enforcement regulations made under both the Environmental Protection Act 1990 s.140 and the European Communities Act 1972.(EC REGULATION) The new requirements are applicable to the production, distribution, use and recovery, and control of hazardous substances. The regulations also require the recovery of used controlled substances from certain equipment, s uch as fire protection systems, for disposal or recycling, during servicing and maintenance procedures of equipment. A copy of the regulation is attached to Appendix 2. The Victorian Environment Protection Legislation for the Control of Ozone Depleting substances (Victorian Government Gazette No.S57, 1990) this piece of legislation depicts the Australian governments compliance, reliance and advocacy to the implementation of the Montreal protocol on the phasing out of halon use [14]. Environmental Protection agency: Under the Clean Air Amendment, the United States Environmental Protection agency, EPA analysed various substances that could substitute fire extinguishing agents that destroy the ozone layer. These substances also have low global warming potential and low Atmospheric lifetime. The SNAP program (Significant New Alternatives Policy) is used by the EPA to replace the use of halons with environmentally friendly systems in the United States. The Clean Air Act was signed into law in 1990. With this Act, the US banned the production and import of new halons 1211, 1301 and 2402 from the 1st of January 1994 in compliance with the Montreal Protocol. The US government also imposed excise tax on halons through specialized training and proper recycling and disposal. Chapter Three: Halon Systems Halon is the generic name for bromine contained halogenated hydrocarbons. Halons systems were first installed in the late 1960s and early 1970s. In the gaseous form, halons are excellent fire extinguishers. Halons are mostly employed in situations where fire safety standards are high. Halons are identified by a four digit number. The numbering system is assigned by the number of carbon, number of fluorine, chlorine and bromine atoms respectively. Halon 1301, containing carbon, fluorine and bromine is used in total flooding applications while halon 1211, containing carbon, fluorine, chlorine and bromine is used as hand held portable extinguishers. The two common halon types described are effective in extinguishing classes A, B and C fires. These halons are preferred because they exhibited: high efficiency in suffocating combustion, availability in volume at reasonable cost, high storage stability, low electrical conductivity, as well as acceptable toxic properties. 3.1: Characteristics of Halons Halons interfere with the chemical reactions which take place during a fire. The properties of halons allow for its use in most situations and thus most of its applications are linked to particular characteristics. These principal applications include: Clean fire fighting agent: Halons leave no residue after use. This eliminates secondary damages and keeping loss caused by the fire to a minimum [12]. Electrically non-conductive: This property makes it suitable for safe application on fires involving electrical equipment. It will prevent exposure of fire fighters to electric shock. Low toxicity: This property makes halons acceptable and in most cases halon flooding systems are set in automatic mode by default. They can also be used to extinguish fires while people are present in the protected room. Halon flooding systems do not displace so much oxygen which can lead to suffocation[12] Rapid response: Halons are effective for rapid knockdown of flames. This property is mostly essential for class B fires involving liquid and liquefiable solids. Low concentration requirement: This means low quantity or amount of halons are required for extinguishment. It minimizes weight and space allowance [12]. Gaseous state: This allows for good penetration and effective extinguishment in confined spaces. Boiling point: The boiling point of about -4 allows it to be discharged (in the case of hand-held extinguishers) as a liquid for a while before it vaporises. This is a key requirement in some manual fire fighting applications.[12] Low heat of vaporisation: Halons will not condense to form water or ice in halon flooding systems. The most important advantage of halons is in its cost effectiveness. Halon fixed systems are the most cost effective of all extinguishing systems. 3.2: Extinguishing Mechanisms of Halons Halons extinguish fires both chemically and physically. Chemically they interfere with the chemical reactions that take place during the fire. This characterises halons as inhibitors. Radicals released during combustion to keep the fire burning are suppressed chemically by halons. This reaction is anti-catalytic. When halons are heated during combustion, they produce free radicals which compete with those produced by the original combustion process [2]. Halon 1301 produces bromine radicals which react with hydrogen free radicals to produce hydrogen bromide. The hydrogen bromide then reacts with hydroxyl radical to form water and bromide. The bromide released reacts with the combustion fire again and the whole cycle is repeated. The hydrogen and hydroxyl free radicals produced by combustion are greatly reduced in concentration by combining with the halogen free radicals produced by halons [3]. Where RH is the combustible fuel, XBr is a halon agent RH + O2 ENERGY OH + R â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.eqn3.1 XBr ENERGY Br + Xâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦eqn3.2 RH + Br HBr + Râ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦eqn3.3 HBr + OH H2O + Brâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦eqn3.4 RH ENERGY R + Hâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦eqn3.5 H + Br HBrâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦eqn3.6 The combination of bromine and hydroxyl radical is also an ozone destructive reaction: HOBr UV Br + OHâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦..eqn3.7 OH + O3 HO2 + O2..eqn3.8 Br + O3 BrO + O2â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦eqn3.9 BrO + HO2 HOBr + O2 â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦..eqn3.10 3.3: HALONS AND THE OZONE 3.3.1: The ozone layer The earth is enclosed by the atmosphere. This atmosphere is made up of a mixture of numerous gases in varying proportions. The atmosphere is further subdivided into three regions depending on temperature. These regions are: Mesosphere, Stratosphere and Troposphere. The word ozone is from a Greek word, ozein, for to smell. It is an allotropic form of oxygen having three atoms in each molecule. It is a pale blue, highly poisonous gas with a strong odour. [10] In its thickest part in the stratosphere, it is only a trace gas.. Ozone is highest in concentration, about 97%, in the stratosphere (15-60 kilometers above the Earths surface) where it absorbs the ultraviolet radiation from the sun. Ozone is also highly concentrated at the Earths surface in and around cities. The buildup of ozone on the earths surface in and around cities is a result of industrial activities and is toxic to organisms living at the Earths surface. Table 3.1 shows the percentage volume composition of the constituents of atmospheric air *variable gases http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/7a.html Ozone is very reactive and a stronger oxidising agent than oxygen. It is used in purifying water, sterilising air, and bleaching certain foods. Ozone is formed when an electric spark is passed through oxygen. Ozone is prepared commercially by passing cold, dry oxygen through a silent electrical discharge [7]. Ozone formed in the atmosphere is from nitrogen oxides and organic gases emitted by automobiles and industrial sources [7]. This is achieved by short wavelength ultraviolet. This is actually a health hazard, and it may cause crop damage in some regions. Ultraviolet wavelengths less than 200 nanometer reacts with oxygen molecules to make ozone. O2 UV O + Oâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦eqn3.11 O + O2 O3 + Heatâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.eqn3.12 The heat released here is absorbed by the atmosphere and results in a rise in temperature of the atmosphere. The structure of ozone has 3 oxygen atoms, but steric hindrance prevents it from forming a triangular structure, with each O atom forming the expected 2 bonds. Instead each atom of oxygen forms only 1 bond, with the remaining negative charge being spread throughout the molecule.[7] Ozone is very unstable. It is decomposed either by collision with monoatomic oxygen or by ultraviolet radiation on it. The decomposition causes ozone to form oxygen molecules. Heat is also released to the atmosphere by this reaction O + O3 O2 + O2â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.eqn3.13 O3 UV O2 + O + Heatâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.eqn3.14 Ozone is decomposed in the stratosphere to prevent highly energetic ultraviolet radiation from reaching the surface of the earth. 3.3.2: Halons and ozone depletion The ozone layer is mainly depleted by compounds containing chlorine and bromine. Halogens are a chemical family containing fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine; any carbon compound containing them is known as a halocarbon. While all halogens have the ability to catalyze ozone breakdown, they have an unequal impact on the ozone layer. The quantity of halons released into the atmosphere is small relative to the number of gases present in the atmosphere. Yet they are more active in destroying the ozone or disrupting the ozone balance for two reasons: Ozone is in a constant state of imbalance, as it is destroyed and produced by natural processes. This process is controlled by solar input that does not undergo significant fluctuations. The stability of halons makes it transportable from the troposphere to the stratosphere where halogens are made active and broken down very fast, destroying ozone in the stratosphere. . The impact is described as depletion potential of the halocarbon. The OZONE DEPLETING POTENTIAL (ODP) is a simple measure of its ability to destroy stratospheric ozone. The ODP of compounds are calculated with reference to the ODP of CFC-11, which is defined to be 1. Thus ODP is a relative measure. A compound withan ODP of 0.2 is, roughly speaking, one-fifth as bad as CFC-11. The ODP of a compound x is expressed mathematically as the ratio of the total amount of ozone destroyed by a fixed amount of compound x to the amount of ozone destroyed by the same mass of CFC-11[8]: Global loss of Ozone due to x ODP(x) == â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦..eqn3.15[8] Global loss of ozone due to CFC-11. The above expression depicts that the ODP of CFC-11 is 1.0 by definition. The uncertainties experienced in evaluating the global loss of ozone due to a compound are eliminated here since the mathematical expression is a ratio. Evaluating the ODP of a compound is affected by the following: The quantity of chlorine or bromine atoms in a molecule. The nature of the halogen, as bromine is a more ozone- destructive catalyst than chlorine. Atmospheric lifetime of the substance: The atmospheric lifetime of the halon is the time it takes for the global amount of the gas to decay to 36.8% of its original concentration after initial emission. Compounds with low atmospheric lifetimes have lower ODP because it is destroyed in the troposphere. Molecular mass of the substance: This is because ODP is evaluated by comparing equal masses and not number of moles. Table3.2 gives time-dependent and steady-state ODPs for some halocarbon in wide use. Compound Formula Ozone Depletion Potential 10yr 30yr 100yr Steady State CFC-113 CF2ClFCl2 0.56 0.62 0.78 1.10 Carbon tetrachloride CCl4 1.25 1.22 1.14 1.08 Methyl Chloroform CH3CCl3 0.75 0.32 0.15 0.12 HCFC-22 CHF2Cl 0.17 0.12 0.07 0.05 Halon-1301 CF3Br 10.4 Jacqueline Lavignehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13995915049368122049noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4201806594663096462.post-33587602590675987162020-01-17T13:00:00.001-08:002020-01-17T13:00:06.893-08:00Internal Entrepreneurship at the Dow ChemicalThe Dow Chemical Company was a leader company in science and technology, offering plastic and agriculture products in 2002. However, from 1995, Dow Chemical Company had ever lost its profit for several years especially in 1998. Dow Chemical Company tried to stop the decreasing so that it launched an initiative ââ¬ËE-epoxy. com ventureââ¬â¢ in 2000. The purpose of this project was earning more small customers and spot market customers to increase the market shares. STRENGTH 1. Epoxy was a specialty, high margin business. The top 20% of its global customers have generated 80% of its revenue.Dow Chemical Company can take this advantage to expand the business oversea. 2. Epoxy was a creative online channel in the market. It was very convince for not only local customers but also global customers to purchase products online without calling or faxing. 3. Dow Chemical Company would be the first mover using online system to process the orders. Moreover, the cost of launching this onlin e system was not expensive. Using this system could lead Dow Chemical Company to the head position in electronic marketplace and ahead of other traditional competitors. . It was more flexible for managers to use online system to attract more customers. For example, Telford can provide promotion code to some particular customers via E-mail. Some customers might feel interesting and order products on E-epoxy. com because of special price. 5. Telford is an experienced employee who has worked in Dow Chemical Company for many years. He has exceptional ability to understand stakeholdersââ¬â¢ thought and was aggressive to operate Epoxy project. WEAKNESS 1.Although customers can order products online, Dow Chemical Company still needed to contact with customers to clarify and confirm the order sometimes. It would increase the labor cost and decrease the order process efficiency. 2. Capacity utilization was a problem as well. The capacities of epoxy were in the range of 30 ktpa to over 100 ktpa. Dow Chemical Company has not enough capacities to fit the needs of new customers in the future. 3. The product price should be clear on the website. However, it might be inappropriate because Dow Chemical Company always changes the price according to different customers.Price transparency would potentially limit salesââ¬â¢ negotiating ability. 4. Telford wanted to charge distributors higher price because of other service such as a wide product palette and technical assistance. It might make Dow Chemical Company lose some distributor customers. 5. The E-epoxy. com was available everywhere. However, the language problem and currency problems were still need to be solved. For instance, Brazil didnââ¬â¢t allow Dow Chemical Company using US dollars as currency on the website. OPPORTUNITY 1. With new sales toolââ¬âE-epoxy. om, Dow Chemical Company has opportunity to expand its business globally. Dow Chemical Company could earn more market shares by this low-cost and effic iency online tool. 2. In order to fit increasing demand in the future, Dow Chemical Company needs to build its capacity utilization. It might be a chance for Dow Chemical Company to be the top huge company because of abundant production ability. 3. Smaller customers had less ability to negotiate the price with distributor. Distributors might charge them much price than ordering products from Dow Chemical Company directly.Smaller customers might love to order products online due to cost down. THREAT 1. The regulations of foreign government might change in the future. As the problems Dow Chemical Company faced in Brazil, Brazil didnââ¬â¢t allow Dow Chemical Company to use US dollars on the website. Other countriesââ¬â¢ government might also change the policy like tax increasing or currency change and it might threaten Dow Chemical Company a lot. 2. In order to do something dramatic to push home the importance of his venture, Telford started a rumor via E-mail in the market.Altho ugh no one really condemned this event, that didnââ¬â¢t mean nobody would argue on day. Telford created a potential bomb for company. 3. Dow Chemical Company has less experience to manage website. Dow Chemical Company might waste money in a wrong way to operate E-epoxy. com. However, other competitors can learn Dow Chemical Companyââ¬â¢s experience and avoid failure in the market. RECOMMEDATION 1. Dow Chemical Company needs to improve its website day by day to fit customersââ¬â¢ new needs. Moreover, Dow Chemical Company can build up other service at the same time.For example, Dow Chemical Company can mimic what it did on EpiCenter. Dow Chemical Company can create a specific contact phone number for customers to contact with sales immediately. Customers can get information from website or phone service. 2. Dow Chemical Company could offer more discounts on the website to inspire the sales. If Dow Chemical Company want to higher the price for distributors, Dow Chemical Compan y should offer something new and only available for distributors to attract them make orders. .Dow Chemical Company needs a well-organized strategy group for incoming international business. Because of the cultural difference, local currency, different language, and different consumer behavior, Dow Chemical Company should have a professional team to deal with country differences. For instance, the team members should have rich foreign working experience and ability to speak in foreign language. It would be helpful for Dow Chemical Company to enter global market. Jacqueline Lavignehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13995915049368122049noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4201806594663096462.post-91498094471325560962020-01-09T09:23:00.001-08:002020-01-09T09:23:03.581-08:00Essay on Critical Thinking Test Week 4 - 2770 Words 1. Question : Reporter: A new campaign finance reform bill being considered by Congress would limit the amount of campaign contributions that political candidates can receive. However, a survey of candidates running for mayor, governor, and senate seats shows that not one of them favors the bill. Clearly, there is no desire among politicians to limit campaign contributions. Which one of the following points out the flaw in the reporterââ¬â¢s argument above? Student Answer: The reporter doesnââ¬â¢t indicate the amount that the new bill would limit campaign contributions. The evidence provided by the reporter suggests that most politicians are in favor of the new bill. The reporter wrongly assumes that no politician hasâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Question : Some politicians claim to support the environment in speeches they make around the country. However, to get to those speeches they ride in gas guzzling, pollution creating private planes. They therefore clearly donâ⠬â¢t believe a word of what they say and are actually making the environmental problem worse. Which one of the following, if true, would best weaken the argument above? Student Answer: Some of the politicians try to hide the fact that they travel by private plane to their speeches around the country. Most people who hear the politiciansââ¬â¢ speeches on the environment are unconvinced by their arguments. A majority of voters surveyed agree that politicians sometimes make societyââ¬â¢s problems worse. CORRECT Improvements to the environment brought about through the politiciansââ¬â¢ public support of environmental regulations more than offset the damage done to the environment by the politiciansââ¬â¢ private planes. 8. Question : Career counselor: It is best for artists to build a practical and safe career that will guarantee them a secure income, and then pursue their art in their spareShow MoreRelatedThe Model Philosophy And Objectives876 Words à |à 4 PagesRequirement for the Completion of EDCI 6601 Njood Alrashedi Master of Education in Curriculum Instruction Department of Teacher Education Shawnee State University The Model Philosophy and Objectives Learning math skills is critical for establishing a foundation for success in mathematics. 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Course materials Reading Jacqueline Lavignehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13995915049368122049noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4201806594663096462.post-7610011225606343482020-01-01T05:49:00.001-08:002020-01-01T05:49:03.176-08:00Causes of Depression Essay - 698 Words Depression is a rapidly growing mental illness that strikes millions, but they never know the cause of this common, yet sometimes, harmful illness. If victims and potential victims knew what caused depression, they could do more to prevent it from happening. In order to know what causes depression, one has to know what it is. The online dictionary defines it as ââ¬Å"a condition of general emotional dejection and withdrawal; sadness greater and more prolonged than that warranted by any objective reason (Dictionary: 1)â⬠. Depression doesnââ¬â¢t just come from one single cause, but instead, ââ¬Å"likely results from a combination of genetic, biochemical, environmental, and psychological factors (NIMH: 1)â⬠. The National Institute of Mental Health also goesâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Itââ¬â¢s a general stereotype that they stay up late and sleep all day. It may seem like the fun thing to do, but it can cause problems. Due to a lack of being able to sleep, it has an effect on functioning, as well as leading to psychiatric disorders. In teens, depression can be caused by sleeping too much or too little, so getting just the right amount of sleep is still ideal (Psychology Today: 1). On a more recently noted fact, eating junk food can cause depression as well. Junk food is bad for your weight and health, but British and French scientists also found that it causes depression. These scientists analyzed data from 3.486 men and women by their food and mood data (Hindustan: 1)â⬠. Each person was given a questionnaire about the food they ate. Five years later, those same people were given a questionnaire that measured symptoms of depression. 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Other symptoms include sleep disturbances, trouble concentrating, aching, appetite loss Jacqueline Lavignehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13995915049368122049noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4201806594663096462.post-18295214388930943562019-12-24T01:35:00.001-08:002019-12-24T01:35:03.467-08:00Being An Organ Donor Before They Die - 994 Words The first strategy suggested being Education; some educational efforts focus on increasing the number of people who consent to be an organ donor before they die, and others focus on educating families when they are considering giving consent for their deceased loved oneââ¬â¢s organs. Another potential strategy is mandated choice where every individual would have to indicate their wishes regarding organ transplantation in legal documents e.g. drivers licenses and hospitals must comply with the written wishes of the individual regardless of what their family may want. This method has a positive aspect in that it enforces the concept of individual autonomy, but the downside being that it requires an enormous level of trust in the medical system. Presumed consent is a third strategy where citizensââ¬â¢ organs are taken after they die, unless a person specifically requests not to donate while still living. Many worries with this method is that the general public would have to be educated and well informed about organ donation, which is difficult to adequately achieve. Also, this approach requires people who wish to opt out to take action and this might unfairly burden some people e.g. minority cultural groups and immigrants might find it most challenging to opt out of donating due to language barriers and transportation difficulties. Another strategy under consideration is using incentives by giving assistance to families of a donor with funeral costs, to donating to charities in theShow MoreRelatedThe Punishment Of The United States1669 Words à |à 7 Pages Inmate Christian Longo was convicted of the crimes he committed and he was on death row, he wrote an appeal to have his organs donated when he was executed, however he was denied. In an editorial by Longo put in the New York Times he said, ââ¬Å"Eight years ago I was sentenced to death for the murders of my wife and three children. I am guilty. I once thought that I could fool others into believing this was not true. Failing that, I tried to convince myself that it didnââ¬â¢t matter. But, gradually, theRead MoreThe Need for Organ Donors Essay995 Words à |à 4 Pageslife-saving transplant in time, eighteen people will die because the organ transplant they need will not be possible. 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Once Thanksgiving passes one beings to wait on the jollyRead MoreOrgan Donation Essay1454 Words à |à 6 Pageschance to give a person life through donating an organ is selfless. However, many people have an aversi on to becoming an organ donor. The reasons vary from personal reasons to very strict beliefs. An individual source can never determine the prime reason for a personââ¬â¢s choice not to donate an organ. Questions may arise on the ethics of these said people on if they should have the opportunity to receive an organ since they themselves are not donors. The opinions vary on this controversial topic; neverthelessRead MorePersuasive Speech : Organ Donor1480 Words à |à 6 Pagesaudience of the importance of becoming an organ donor to save lives. Thesis: Becoming an organ donor can give severely ill people another chance at living a normal life. I. Introduction A. Attention Getter: Imagine having a loved one who is in end stage organ failure and has been put on the organ transplant waiting list, in hopes getting the chance to live. B. Reason to Listen: With the long list of people waiting to receive an organ transplant, it is important thatRead MoreSpeech on Organ Donation Essay1260 Words à |à 6 PagesSpeech on Organ Donation Good Morning. Today I am going to talk to you all about the delicate topic of organ donation, and share with you some of my views on the subject. What are the major problems in our society today? Illicit Drug Abuse? Excessive Alcohol intake? Or maybe the increasing levels of Obesity? I bet none of you thought of the sheerRead MoreBenefits Of A Transplant Or A Kidney Transplant1646 Words à |à 7 Pagesdreaded or heroic. In fact, each day, an average of 79 people receive organ transplants because of the generous. However, an average of 21 people die each day waiting for transplants that can t take place because of the shortage of donated organs (Organdonor.gov). How can we fix this? Are you the friend that will give a helping hand or one that will run away? Currently, more than 120 million people in the U.S. are signed up to be a donor. But statistics can be hard to come by and something that can changeRead MoreThe Effects Of Organ Donation995 Words à |à 4 Pages There are organ shortages in the United States, which makes organ donation a health concern: ââ¬Å"Today, there are nearly 118,000 individuals waiting for an organ transplant to live healthier, more productive lives. For some people with end-stage organ failure, it is truly a matter of life and de ath,â⬠(Moritsugu, 2013, p.245). Not only is there a shortage of organs but other consequences when it comes to organ donation, such as psychological concerns, complications after surgery and deciding who receivesRead MoreOrgan Donation1163 Words à |à 5 PagesBut by becoming an organ donor, you can be able to say ââ¬Å"I will save a life.â⬠Organ donation is a selfless way to give back to others, and to be able to make a huge difference by giving another person a second chance at life. Unfortunately, the number of patients waiting for organs far exceeds the number of people who have registered to become organ donors. Patients are forced to wait months, even years for a match, and far too many die before they are provided with a suitable organ. There are many shamesRead MoreThe Ultimate Gift: The Gift of life-Organ Donation1075 Words à |à 5 Pagestakes you being an organ donor. Organ donation has negative connotation tied to its back. even though many people in today s society believe that no wrong can happen in their life but in reality we are not invincible and accidents do happen and your time will come to end sometime. The act of organ donation is a compassionate and the humane choice for a person to make. Transplantation is a modern medical marven. Despite continuing advances in medicine and technology, the need for organs and tissue Jacqueline Lavignehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13995915049368122049noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4201806594663096462.post-14380632461829516332019-12-15T22:03:00.001-08:002019-12-15T22:03:04.474-08:00Philip Larkin Here Free Essays He can see everyday life during his journey, ââ¬Å"trafficâ⬠, ââ¬Å"workmen at dawnâ⬠. He also describes his runner into hull by the use Of the widening Of the river Hummer, which runs through Hull. It shows that he started his journey where the river was thin and at its source and has followed the winding path to its mouth. We will write a custom essay sample on Philip Larkin Here or any similar topic only for you Order Now At the end of the first stanza, Larkin uses a mixture of impressions to describe the nature around him, ââ¬Å"gold cloudsâ⬠and ââ¬Å"shining gull marked mudâ⬠. Larkin is using this mixture of positive words to describe a negative scene to portray a kind of beauty, Larkin tells the reader how it is, he is an observer. In the second stanza, Larkin describes the town, which shows that Larkin is near the ND of his journey. Larkin begins his portrayal of the town by using a list of descriptive words such as ââ¬Å"scattered streetsâ⬠, ââ¬Å"barge filled waters, ââ¬Å"spires and cranesâ⬠. These different descriptive words show the activity of the port and portray a sense of confusion (scattered and crowded). Hull is a very busy port town and used in exporting lots of goods and has been like that for many years, which is why Larkin is able to use the historic nature of the town in his poem, â⬠slave museumâ⬠, ââ¬Å"residents of raw estatesâ⬠(the word raw here suggests new, which shows how the port has probably been regenerated after the destruction caused in the war and the increase in demand for houses). Larkin is also telling the reader the time period in which he is writing in, ââ¬Å"grim head-scarred wivesâ⬠, generally worn by working class women; however the word grim puts a more depressing look on things. The time period is also portrayed in the description of the buses, ââ¬Å"flat faced trolleysâ⬠, the new style of bus, with a flat face instead of curved. Also the list of different items t the end of stanza 2 show the boom in Britain after the Second World War with new technologies and the explosion of materialism. In stanza 3, the first line Larkin says ââ¬Å"urban yet simpleâ⬠, this can either be interpreted in a negative way or a positive way. It could show how Larkin looks down on them and feels as though he is better than them which is negative, however, it could be portrayed as though Larkin is admiring their lifestyle in a nicer, positive way. Larkin describes the port as ââ¬Å"fishy-smelling pastoral Of shipsâ⬠the word pastoral is a strange word to use however it is a link to the country side (pastoral farming) and is also a possible reference to how the port has hanged over the years and got bigger and more used and so that is why it is ââ¬Å"fishy-smellingââ¬â¢. Thee city does not define Larkin, he is not part of a ââ¬Å"cut- priced crowdâ⬠or want ââ¬Å"mortgaged half-built housesâ⬠, in fact, most of what the city is representing is the opposite of what Larkin actually wants, which is why the last stanza is all about an isolate place. In the last stanza of the poem, we start to understand how Larrikin preferable state isolation/loneliness ââ¬Å"loneliness clarifiesâ⬠which shows that Larkin is saying that you only really know who you are when you are alone. In the fourth stanza is where we find the first full stop of the poem which can be indicated as the train Larkin has been on has come to a halt. The caesuras in the first two lines of stanza four also help to emphasis the quietness and loneliness of the area where Larkin lived the rest of his life. We get other indications of loneliness and isolation in the poem ââ¬Å"Mr. Balanceââ¬â¢, where a man used to live in a flat by himself with only the bare essentials in it. ââ¬Å"Here silence standsâ⬠the alliteration of the ââ¬Å"sâ⬠sound and the caesura help to emphasis the stillness and how the poem now comes more static compared to the movement of the previous three stanzas. The rhythm is changed by these caesuras which create a longer sentence which also makes the poem feel slower and more static. Beyond the main madness of the town, Larkin is able to find more description of beauty which would normally be missed because he has no distractions in this isolate place ââ¬Å"Hidden weeds flower, neglected. By the end of the last stanza, Larkin has moved from his new home to the beach where he stands, looking out over the water ââ¬Å"ends the landâ⬠, ââ¬Å"facing the sunâ⬠which indicates owe Larkin is now at peace, away from normal everyday madness, he is one with the elements and has no fear in facing the sun like he does with other commitments. This is also emphasizes with the soft alliteration sounds used to describe the area he is in ââ¬Å"shapes and shingleâ⬠, ââ¬Å"air ascendsâ⬠. Larkin uses very clever use of language in the last stanza as he almost tries to paint a big picture on his canvas for his readers to see which is clearly indicated in the line ââ¬Å"bluish neutral distanceâ⬠, he tries to describe colors to clearly show the natural beauty. And the final line of the poem, really sums up Larrikin love of isolation and loneliness with the phase ââ¬Å"initiative, out of reachâ⬠which are very unsociable words, however that perfectly describes Larrikin personality. The last stanza is different to the previous stanzas because Larkin talks about cosmically and elemental objects rather than the materialistic objects by describing the sea, sun, flowers instead of plate glassed doors and flat faced trellises. There is a rhyming scheme used throughout this poem which is very subtle and consist of very few perfect rhymes and more half rhymes. How to cite Philip Larkin Here, Papers Jacqueline Lavignehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13995915049368122049noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4201806594663096462.post-14494128537523121412019-12-07T18:47:00.001-08:002019-12-07T18:47:04.234-08:00Business Analysis for My Health Record- MyAssignmenthelp.com Question: Discuss about theBusiness Analysis for My Health Record. Answer: Increased technology has facilitated the development of business and consumer-oriented online applications in various areas including healthcare. For the past few years, the healthcare sector has established numerous initiatives meant to improve the health and well-being of patients through the digital platforms. This led to the introduction of My Health Record which is to be used by health organizations to enhance the patients empowerment and their overall health. My health record is an online system that stores the summary of a patients health information. This system allows individuals to control what content should be captured and who can access their records. Also, patients have the right to choose the medical professionals to share their health information. Presently, at least 20 percent of the Australian populations are listed to My Health Record which translates to about 5 million people (My Health Record, 2012). At the same time close to 10,000 health care providers including hospitals, pharmacies, aged care facilities are connected to the system (My Health Record, 2012). To ensure that every person is receiving efficient medical services, the Australian government is working to safeguard that every Australian is registered for My Health Record. This paper tries to examine the non-functional requirements, the efficiency of the cloud-based solutions and the benefits and weaknesses of using My Health Record SDLC approach. Non-functional Requirements This section will explore the non-functional requirements that apply to My Health Records. Non-functional requirements are those features or limitations implicated on a product or system. In most cases, these requirements are usually poorly understood forcing relevant users to neglect them which pose a serious risk in requirements operations (Meulendijk et.al. 2014). FURPS is an abbreviation that is commonly used to represent a model for categorizing the quality and efficiencies of a system. They include components like usability, reliability, performance and security. Usability Refers to the simplicity in which a system can be learned or used. My health Record should be adequately intuitive to enable first-hand users to learn the basic operations of the system within a short time. Similarly, the users should be able to access any page with immediate response time and should be denied access when moving or using more than one screen to complete an obligation. Reliability Refers to the extent in which the system should work for the end users and how data can be made available to relevant parties. The specifications for this requirement incorporate the aspects of accuracy, repair time, availability and downtime. With the exception of severe disasters that distract the whole population, health organizations must have adequate local redundancies to power down non-critical systems. My Health Record should also be installed in a manner that it can immediately run on a backup power supply like the generators for a few hours to backup data. Performance Refers to the response time, capacity, and throughput of the system. It would be efficient for the user-interface monitor to respond within seconds. While searching the system for say, medication, My Health Record database should be able to display sufficient amount of data per page and give a response in a matter of seconds after retrieving a patient's information. Security Refers to the ability to provide absolute data confidentiality, availability, and integrity. My Health Record is designed in a manner to allow user authentication. This requires that anyone accessing the database must have a Login password and every patient should identify themselves when using the system End-user authentication to several applications must be enabled by a single authorization on the system. Medical practitioners with no treatment relationship with patients should only be allowed to search a patient's confidential health information through the break the glass procedure in documented critical emergencies and should generate an audit log. Review of the Cloud-based Each day more multiple billion bytes of data is produced, and the amount generated continues to grow exponentially. As a result, organizations including those in healthcare demand the need of owning and maintaining their own servers. This has contributed to the development of cloud-based technology which has become the most popular alternative. The healthcare sector, just like in other fields, requires consistent technological innovations so as to stay efficient, reliable, and timely and to deliver high standard services. To develop an effective digital health platform that the medical professionals and the patients can understand and use, it should be able to capture all data in a presentable and manageable format. The system must be easy to use and flexible to be incorporated into the daily health software in all aspects of medical care. It is evident that cloud-based computing will offer health organizations with numerous benefits. Shifting to the cloud-based system provides cost effective software for medical professionals that requires less expensive servers. Many experts believe that cloud-based technology will improve the healthcare sector by minimizing the costs associated with electronic health record start-up (Li et.al, 2013). The system automates the procedures of capturing a clients data through a series of sensors that are linked to the medical equipment and machines, and sends these data to the medical centres, that is the cloud for processing, storing, and dissemination (SENCER, 2015). Users of the cloud-based computing may also benefit for obtain immediate data collection processes anytime. The cloud system is user-friendly to help reduce manual work collection which smoothes the deployment procedures (RACGP, n.d). Financial reporting will be simplified and will be quick to generate data. This implies t hat staff will spend minimal time calculating numbers and will utilize much of their time to facilitate financially stable and cost-effective and gainful practices. There are numerous challenges that will face the healthcare organizations when they move their electronic data to the cloud. One major problem is the issue regarding the integrity and security of the patients health information (RACGP, n.d). It is possible that when data is stored on the cloud-based system, health care providers will not have full control over the security of their client's information (SENCER, 2015). There are possible dangers that patients data may be exposed to unauthorized parties or may be lost (Chen Zhao, 2012, March). Also, regulations implemented are many and may differ from one region to another concerning a clients information. Such features may make compliance with several principles possibly complex. There also exists cases where the servers may experience outages or difficulties, during such instances, availability to access patients data may be restricted. SDLC Approach Systems Development Life Cycle is a blend of the iterative and incremental processes to enhance adaptability and customer satisfaction by providing working software products (McMurtrey, 2013). SDLC offers a standard that is commonly used in project management to enhance the quality of information system. The SDLC phases involve various functional groups to work concurrently on the areas of planning, analysis, design, testing, implementation, and the maintenance. Agile and waterfall approaches are some of the SDLC models. Agile uses the adaptive approach whereas waterfall uses the predictive software development approach. The predictive approach mainly relies on the requirement planning and analysis undertaken at the start of a cycle (Georgetown University, 2017). When My Health Record is aligned with these models, any adjustments that are to be incorporated are taken through a severe modification control prioritization and management. The predictive model has numerous benefits. The approach has been found to be simple to use and understand. It has been found to work well with small projects where requirements are properly understood (Okoli Carillo, 2012). It is also easy to manage the predictive approach because of its rigidity characteristics. This is due to the fact that every stage includes some deliverables and a review process. Also, the processes and outcomes are properly documented and presented. The drawbacks of the predictive approach are that once a system has moved to the testing stage, it may be problematic to go back and make the necessary adjustments (Mikoluk, 2013). As such, this model may not work well with long, continuous and complicated projects. This model may also not be suitable for a project where requirements are highly susceptible to changes. Thus, uncertainties and threats are increasingly high with this model. The adaptive approach is mostly used where there is no detailed planning, and there exists some clarity on future obligations only in respect of what areas needs to be modified (Stoica, Mircea Ghilic-Micu, 2013). This model allows feature oriented developments and the team members involved quickly adapt to transforming the product requirement vigorously. The product developed is tested regularly to minimize the challenges of experiencing significant failures in future (Mikoluk, 2013). This approach may offer many benefits to My Health Record implementation process. This model helps to promote effective teamwork as well as cross training. Since products can be modified at the testing stage, then the adaptive approach may be the most suitable model for features that are fixed or change frequently (Okoli Carillo, 2012). Few rules may apply for this method and documentation is readily engaged. Also, this model warrants the development of concurrent products and provides results within a specified planned framework. The disadvantages of the adaptive model are that it is not suitable for handling complicated dependencies (Mikoluk, 2013). Also, an overall plan is a must otherwise the project may not generate desired output. Conclusion The concept of My Health Record is a significant step in the direction of the contemporary digitally connected environment. My Health Record has the capability of saving many human lives, time, and taxpayers' money. As must as there are doubts and uncertainties from every angle as to how My Health Record will effectively work, there is room for improvement and this system will prove to be the way forward to efficient and quality medical services. It has an absolute need among the Australian population. This system should, in theory, decrease healthcare expenses by minimizing at the very least pointless investigations. The adaptive method may be suitable when designing and implementing the My Health Record because it offers a very accurate approach to software development. References Chen, D., Zhao, H. (2012, March). Data security and privacy protection issues in cloud computing. In Computer Science and Electronics Engineering (ICCSEE), 2012 International Conference on (Vol. 1, pp. 647-651). IEEE. Georgetown University. (2017). Pros and Cons of Predictive Analysis. Retrieved on 24 May, 2017, from https://scsonline.georgetown.edu/programs/masters-technology-management/resources/pros-cons-predictive-analysis Li, M., Yu, S., Zheng, Y., Ren, K., Lou, W. (2013). Scalable and secure sharing of personal health records in cloud computing using attribute-based encryption. IEEE transactions on parallel and distributed systems, 24(1), 131-143. McMurtrey, M. (2013). A case study of the application of the systems development life cycle (sdlc) in 21st century health care: Something old, something new?. Journal of the Southern Association for Information Systems, 1(1). Meulendijk, M., Meulendijks, E., Jansen, P., Numans, M., Spruit, M. (2014). What concerns users of medical apps? Exploring non-functional requirements of medical mobile applications. Mikoluk, K. (2013). Agile vs. waterfall: Evaluating the pros and cons. Udemy/BLOG. My Health Record. (2012). Welcome to My Health Record. Retrieved on 24 May, 2017, from https://myhealthrecord.gov.au/internet/mhr/publishing.nsf/content/home Okoli, C., Carillo, K. (2012). The best of adaptive and predictive methodologies: Open source software development, a balance between agility and discipline. International Journal of Information Technology and Management, 11(1-2), 153-166. RACGP. (n.d). 2.3 Cloud Computing. Retrieved on 24 May, 2017, from https://www.racgp.org.au/digital-business-kit/cloud-computing/ SENCER. (2015). Is Storing Health-care Data in the Cloud a Good Idea? Retrieved on 24 May, 2017, from https://ww2.kqed.org/learning/2015/11/18/is-storing-health-care-data-in-the-cloud-a-good-idea/ Stoica, M., Mircea, M., Ghilic-Micu, B. (2013). Software Development: Agile vs. Traditional. Informatica Economica, 17(4), 64. Jacqueline Lavignehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13995915049368122049noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4201806594663096462.post-55522916663093625682019-11-30T06:29:00.001-08:002019-11-30T06:29:03.704-08:00To an Unborn Pauper Chile free essay sample Hardy considers the probable fate of a child soon to be born into poverty. This is a poem which grew from an incident that he probably witnessed in the Dorchester Magistrates Court but Hardys sincerity and compassion for the plight of human beings makes the incident of concern to us all. The poem begins startlingly with an opening line in which Hardy addresses the child as hid heart because it is as yet unborn in its mothers womb, and advises it not to be born to Breathe not and to cease silently. The rest of the verse gives Hardys reason for this advice. It is better to Sleep the long sleep because fate (The Doomsters) will bring the child troubles and difficulties (Travails and teens) in its life, and Time wraiths turn our songsingings to fear, that is our spontaneous feelings of joy and happiness in life are turned to fear by time. We will write a custom essay sample on To an Unborn Pauper Chile or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Time as usual in Hardys writings is seen as the enemy of man and the unusual conceptions of Fate as Doomsters and Time as Time-Wraiths (Spirits) suggests a conscious and deliberate process at work. STANZA 2 In the second stanza, Hardy develops the idea of the destructiveness of time urging the child to listen to how people sigh, and to note how all such natural positive values as laughter, hopes, faiths, affections and enthusiasms are destroyed by time. Set against these positive nouns are negative verbs suggesting this withering process: sigh, fail, die, dwindle, waste, numb. The verse concludes by stressing that the child cannot alter this process if it is born. In the third stanza, Hardy vows that if he were able to communicate with the unborn before their life on earth began, and if the child were able to choose whether to live or die, he would impart all his knowledge to the child and ask it if it would take life as it is. STANZA 4 Hardy immediately, and forcefully, rejects this as a futile vow, for he nor anyone can explain to the child what will happen to it when it is born (Lifes pending plan). The stanza contains weaknesses of style: the oddity of theeward and the awkward inversion Explain none can. But the last two lines present starkly the inevitability of birth in spite of the most dreadful events Life can bring. This ability to look unflinchingly at unpalatable reality is one of Hardys major strengths as a poet. à In contrast to the ending of the fourth stanza, the fifth one opens very gently. Hardy speaks directly and tenderly to the child, in simple monosyllables, wishing that he could find some secluded place (shut plot) in the world for it, where its life would be calm, unbroken by tear or qualm. But with tender simplicity, and the absence of any bitterness, Hardy recognises that I am weak as thou and bare he is unable to influence fate as the child. STANZA 6 The poem ends with the recognition that the child must come and live (bide) on earth, and the hope that in spite of the evidence it will find health, love and friends and joys seldom yet attained by people. Jacqueline Lavignehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13995915049368122049noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4201806594663096462.post-14512405296265131122019-11-26T01:28:00.001-08:002019-11-26T01:28:06.505-08:00Free Essays on PregnancyThere is much controversy over pregnancyââ¬â¢s initiated by older women. In the controversy there are several viewpoints as to why a pregnancy may be either beneficial or harmful for both the parent and child. Statistically, America has seen a shift in the number of pregnancies that occur into people thirties and even later. Numbers of late pregnancies are astounding to some people. According to the most current census, 44% of all births were to women over the age of thirty. If that is not surprising enough, of women aged 35-39 there was an increase of over 60% and for women in range of 40-44 there was a 50% increase. Many find it astounding for such a dramatic increase to occur within one decade. Women over the age of 35 may have difficulty conceiving a child. This is because at approximately the age of 30 there is a gradual decrease in fertility and as a result many older mothers are forces to undergo some type of fertility treatment in order to become pregnant. Once conception is achieved, there are other downsides to increased-age pregnancies. Unfortunately, with the older age, a woman is at greater risk of developing diabetes, fibroids or hypertensive disorders, which would affect the unborn child and could cause complications during birth. From the studies made on conceptions that occur at older ages there was found an increase of 5.5% chance that a mother under the age of 29 would have a pre-existing condition to 11.8% for women over thirty-five. Also, the number of complications that occur during pregnancy rose from 10.43% for women aged 20-29 to as many as 19.29% for those ranged 35-39 years old. Such complications may include: high blood pressure, third-trimester bleeding, and low lying placenta. Some other effects of older motherhood include the likelihood of included labor, fetal distress, the necessity of epidural anesthesia, or forceps delivery. In addition, there is a consensus in all studies made conc... Free Essays on Pregnancy Free Essays on Pregnancy There is much controversy over pregnancyââ¬â¢s initiated by older women. In the controversy there are several viewpoints as to why a pregnancy may be either beneficial or harmful for both the parent and child. Statistically, America has seen a shift in the number of pregnancies that occur into people thirties and even later. Numbers of late pregnancies are astounding to some people. According to the most current census, 44% of all births were to women over the age of thirty. If that is not surprising enough, of women aged 35-39 there was an increase of over 60% and for women in range of 40-44 there was a 50% increase. Many find it astounding for such a dramatic increase to occur within one decade. Women over the age of 35 may have difficulty conceiving a child. This is because at approximately the age of 30 there is a gradual decrease in fertility and as a result many older mothers are forces to undergo some type of fertility treatment in order to become pregnant. Once conception is achieved, there are other downsides to increased-age pregnancies. Unfortunately, with the older age, a woman is at greater risk of developing diabetes, fibroids or hypertensive disorders, which would affect the unborn child and could cause complications during birth. From the studies made on conceptions that occur at older ages there was found an increase of 5.5% chance that a mother under the age of 29 would have a pre-existing condition to 11.8% for women over thirty-five. Also, the number of complications that occur during pregnancy rose from 10.43% for women aged 20-29 to as many as 19.29% for those ranged 35-39 years old. Such complications may include: high blood pressure, third-trimester bleeding, and low lying placenta. Some other effects of older motherhood include the likelihood of included labor, fetal distress, the necessity of epidural anesthesia, or forceps delivery. In addition, there is a consensus in all studies made conc... Jacqueline Lavignehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13995915049368122049noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4201806594663096462.post-66963487529512194102019-11-22T08:51:00.001-08:002019-11-22T08:51:05.665-08:00Air Pollution Essay Example for Free (#6) Air Pollution Essay Choose cite format: APA MLA Harvard Chicago ASA IEEE AMA Haven't found the essay you want? Get your custom sample essay for only $13.90/page ? Air pollution caused by vehicles has been identified as the largest contributor to air pollution in the world. Air pollution caused by vehicles is when the burning of fossil fuels to power our vehicles gives off CO2 emission. This pollution by vehicles also produces toxic substances such as sulfur dioxide and carbon which can be fatal to humans. Air pollution also comes from industry as this source of pollution spews particulate matter and chemicals into the atmosphere. The output from factories includes sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide and dioxide. Almost all of Earthââ¬â¢s atmosphere or ecosystem has been altered by the long-term effects of pollution by industries. Power plants are also another reason to blame for air pollution. They spread gases that thickens the atmosphere, causing the heat to be blocked from exiting to space. The gases are heavy, and comes down to the ground causing pollution One of the power plants that gives out the most pollution is the power plant that is fired by coal. Coal burning is a leading cause of smog, acid rain, and toxic air pollution. Not only that, it also causes the greenhouse effect and holes in the ozone layer. Health Effects Air pollution can affect our health in many ways with both short-term and long-term effects. Some individuals are much more sensitive to pollutants than are others. Young children and elderly people often suffer more from the effects of air pollution. Examples of short-term effects include irritation to the eyes, nose and throat, and upper respiratory infections such as bronchitis and pneumonia. Other symptoms can include headaches, nausea, and allergic reactions. Short-term air pollution can aggravate the medical conditions of individuals with asthma and emphysema. Long-term health effects can include chronic respiratory disease, lung cancer, heart disease, and even damage to the brain, nerves, liver, or kidneys. Continual exposure to air pollution affects the lungs of growing children and may aggravate or complicate medical conditions in the elderly. Air pollution also effects the human cardiovascular system as the inhalation of air pollutants eventually leads to their absorption into the bloodstream and transport to the heart. Some pollutants may also directly cause functional alterations that affect the rhythmicity and contractility of the heart. Causes of water pollution. Factories play a major role in pollution the water. Wastes from factories include toxins, such as lead, mercury and other contaminants. These chemicals are very harmful and can lead to serious health hazards. Fertilizers and pesticides used in agricultural farms, homeowners lawns and roadsides are a threat to the natural water source. When the pollutants runoff into local streams or rivers or drained down into groundwater, they contaminate the water completely. Mining is also another reason for water pollution. Heavy metals and sulphur components which are buried in the earth are exposed during mining and during rainfall these toxic chemicals are exposed, which results in acid rain. Air Pollution. (2016, Nov 15). Jacqueline Lavignehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13995915049368122049noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4201806594663096462.post-79153634786433852912019-11-20T22:02:00.001-08:002019-11-20T22:02:05.874-08:00Why water is our thirst - Quencher Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1Why water is our thirst - Quencher - Essay Example Whenever thirsty, most animals including human beings search for water event if it takes them to cover long journeys to exact points of open and reachable water. Similarly, plants would dry and curl their leaves during dry spells but regain full life during cold or wet seasons. From the above, it is totally arguable that water is the perfect thirst quencher. It is important to note that most of the body organs in human body and any animal works and properly execute their functions when moist. To be moist, the organs must be able to absorb nearly fresh water with little salt concentration. Failure to absorb water will leave the organs dry and at high temperatures. The high temperatures will cause serious burning effect that will work to suffocate that particular animal (Nicholson, 2010). In case of human beings, concentrated drinks like sodas, tea or coffee among others will have insignificant effect when taken during serious thirst. This is due to the significant acidic and sugar contents characterized with most of the drinks. Instead of lowering the body temperatures and in effect moist dry body organs, the acid will increase the burning effect due to thirst. It is also worth noting that most if not all of the concentrated drinks contain numerous chemical substances that may pose threat of poisoning the body. This therefore makes them the worst option a person can regard when thirsty. Instead of supplying plenty of fresh water to the liver and kidney to facilitate the process of detoxification, the drinks will inject more poisons to the body system and eventually paralyze basic physiological processes (Nicholson, 2010). However, there are certain drinks that have low levels of acid concentration but with high water concentration. Such drinks include and not limited to blended fruit juices, which when taken can help reduce thirst. In fact, natural fruits tend to Jacqueline Lavignehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13995915049368122049noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4201806594663096462.post-28731929944317869512019-11-19T02:25:00.001-08:002019-11-19T02:25:03.233-08:00Pope Pius, Ten Rules on Prohibited Books Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 wordsPope Pius, Ten Rules on Prohibited Books - Essay Example 2. This document was written by the congregation during the Council of Trent, a convention of Catholic leaders, theological and Bible scholars of the Catholic Church and church dignitaries. Councils - the assembly of the Catholic dignitaries and which include Cardinals, Archbishops and Bishops - are usually presided by the Apostolic See or the Pope. Pope Pius V presided in the assembly of the Council of Trent. The decrees developed from the Council sessions were sanctioned, issued and confirmed by the Pope (J. Donovan, 3). 3. The Ten Rules on Prohibited Books was written in 1546 during the ecumenical assembly of The Council of Trent. The Council convened in 1545 and thereafter had three sessions presided by three popes. It culminated in 1563. In 1564, Pope Pius V formally confirmed all decrees from the three sessions and promulgated them. This decree, The Ten Rules on Prohibited Books, is part of the decrees produced by the Council (McHugh, Callan, 13). 4. The Council of Trent produced the Ten Rules on Prohibited Books as a response to the Reformation movement led by the prominent Protestant reformists such as Luther, Calvin and Zwingli. Although the Catholic Church, under attack by the radical ideas of the reformists, took twenty five years to respond, after Luther and his followers had already done the damage of the weakening the foundations of the church and the leadership of the Pope (Darby, 25). Luther decried the absolutism of the leaders of the Catholic Church as well as the indulgences of the Papacy in his speeches and in his writings (Davies, 57). This was the time when the authority of the Pope faced decline and countries in Europe were gearing up for the looming religious war (Wallbank, 2). The ecclesiastical leaders of the church, alarmed by the havoc the reformers created on their leadership, responded with prohibitions on published materials written mainly by Luther, Calvin and Zwingli or their followers (New, 34). The historical background of this decree is apparent as it specifically mentioned the leaders of the Reformation Movement and labeling the aforesaid leaders as 'heretics' or heretical authors. Moreover, the decree clarifies the types of books considered 'condemned' and the kinds of publications and writings deemed heretical and forbidden. The rules in this decree states that the only books permitted should be ones that are not contrary to the doctrine. This explicitly refers to the doctrine of the Catholic Church. The decree provides stipulations on punishment on whosoever has been found guilty of reading the forbidden works. This document was part of the voluminous decrees and legislations developed within the span of eighteen years during the Council of Trent whose aim was to 'define' the doctrines of Catholicism (New, 127). 5. The authors' goals in this decree are to define condemned works, stop the spread of heresy, and specify punishments for those who break the rules. In addition, it clearly specifies who the 'heretic' authors are 'and others like these' (II) and the nature of the condemned and prohibited writings. It also provides clarification with regards heretical works 'which deal professedly with religion' as they are absolutely forbidden. The authors of this decree purport to bring to an end the proliferation of 'heresy' brought Jacqueline Lavignehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13995915049368122049noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4201806594663096462.post-31869353303487726072019-11-16T14:56:00.001-08:002019-11-16T14:56:03.157-08:00The Current State of Development in Latin America Essay Example for Free The Current State of Development in Latin America Essay Throughout this paper I will be making reference to Peter Winns book Americas. Winn states on page 4 that Latin America is equally an invention, devised in the nineteenth century by a French geographer to describe the nations that had once been colonized by Latin EuropeSpain, France, and Portugal. In attempting to establish the current state of development in Latin America, historical chronology serves as the foundation necessary for a broad logical position. Latin American development has evolved in distinct phases, which lead to the present day standings of the politics and peoples throughout the region. The conclusion of distinct historical attributes: conquest, colonialism, immigration, capitalism, and industrialism, serve as the developmental path from the past, to allow an understanding of the current state of development. The conquest is a major factor in shaping Latin America. In 1492 Christopher Columbus landed on the shores of the Caribbean and claimed the new land in the name of Spain and God. From then on the world was changed forever in the sense that there was a whole New World to conquer. Conquistadors like Cortez and Pizarro then followed and claimed entire new lands and people in the name of gold and wealth. These men started a revolution that changed an entire continent. It was transformed from a free race of people at one with the land to one of slavery and oppression in which man was bound to the land. This was the beginning of colonialism in the New World. The newly founded colonialism changed everything about the land, its inhabitants, culture, and religion and even created new races of people, of which we still do not know everything about. With the curiosity of European countries piqued and rumors of cities made of gold, the Old World decided that there were no boundaries established within the New World and the land was for the taking. The controlling influence of the Catholic Church in the social and spiritual life of the colonies was deeply rooted in the Spanish past. Royal control over church affairs, in both Spain and the Indies, was founded on the institution of the royal patronage. As applied to the colonies, this patronage consisted in the absolute right of the Spanish kings to nominate all church officials and found churches and monasteries in the Americas. They converted prodigious numbers of natives, and some championed the rights of the Indians against their Spanish oppressors. Immigration and migration has held a major role in shaping our country. Immigrants have provided many things such as customs, manufacturing, inventions, and entertainment. Many people today dont realize how greatly we have been affected by immigration. Indian culture and the ways in which the Indians responded to the Hispanic invaders were shaped by their own long history on these continents. The Indians arrived from Asia by way of the Bering Strait no less than forty thousand years ago and in the course of time spread over both the American continents and eventually developed a wide range of cultural types, ranging from nomadic groups of hunters and food gatherers to the elaborate empires of the Aztecs and the Inca and the culturally advanced Mayan states. These three civilizations had certain features in common. All three were based on intensive farming that made possible the development of a large sedentary population and considerable division of labor. These civilizations, however, also evolved along distinctive lines. Mayan culture was distinguished by impressive achievements in writing, calendrical science, mathematics, and architecture. The Aztecs were mighty warriors, and a distinctive feature of their religion was large-scale human sacrifice. The Inca were the greatest empire builders of ancient America, and they made a serious and largely successful effort to unify the institutions and language of their extensive empire. On page 21 Winn states that as a result of these migrations, Latin America and the Caribbean is now a polyglot region with diversity of races, ethnicities, and cultures. Industrialism and capitalism go hand in hand in the shaping of Latin America as Winn states on page 13, Yet its geology has also helped the region, forming rich deposits of metals and minerals, as well as petroleum and gas reserves that are among the largest in the world. Side by side with the subsistence-and tribute economy of the Indians, there arose a Spanish commercial agriculture producing foodstuffs or raw materials for sale in local or distant markets. Stock-raising was another important economic activity in the colonies. The introduction of domestic animals represented a major Spanish contribution to American economic life. Mining, as the principal source of royal income, received the special attention and protection of the crown. Silver, rather than gold, was the principal product of the American mines. As in other times and places, the mining industry brought prosperity to a few and either failure or small success to the great majority. These points that I have mentioned are just a few of many that contributed to the shaping of Latin America. Many of the contributions follow the conquest and its consequences. As you can conclude the conquest gave birth to combining of cultures and a collision of European, Native American, and African people in which all helped mold Latin America into what it is today. Work Cited Winn, Peter. Americas. Los Angeles, California: University of California Press. 1992. Jacqueline Lavignehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13995915049368122049noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4201806594663096462.post-15231808666871104132019-11-14T03:27:00.001-08:002019-11-14T03:27:02.498-08:00An Unexpected Message from Our Past :: Barker Regeneration Essays"An Unexpected Message from Our Past" Who decides that being different is a trait to be looked down upon? In the late 19th century, it was the English Parliament with the passage of the Criminal Law Amendment Bill, specifically outlawing all forms of male homosexual expression. This law, combined with the already negative attitude surrounding the gay community before and after World War I, implied that homosexuality was something to be ridiculed and scorned. This trend unfortunately continues yet over a century later. Pat Baker's Regeneration, starting on page 54 and continuing throughout the novel, repeatedly uses a non-fictional character, Siegfried Sassoon, to exhibit the unnecessary hurt that homosexuals experienced throughout history, an angle that was often neglected when homosexuals were discussed one hundred years ago. Regeneration displays the conflict that many homosexuals are tormented by when deciding whether to live for themselves and their personal needs or whether to conform in order to blend in with socie ty. In the late 19th century, the purity movement was well underway in England. Serious efforts made by those involved in legislation were creating "a climate where immorality could be tackled seriously" (Mort 114). With the passage of the Criminal Law Amendment Bill in 1885, the first steps were taken toward an "improved moral climate in the country" (Mort 129). While this new law included some positive improvements such as elevating the age of sexual consent for women from 13 to 16, a surprising addition was made just before the final vote was taken in Parliament. Henry Labouchere, a liberal in the House of Commons, introduced a clause "outlawing all forms of male homosexual contact" (Mort 129). The public embraced the addition and the "general negative attitude toward homosexuality" continued to grow with the law on its biased side as well (Robb 57). Ten years later, circumstances for homosexual males continued to look grim. On May 25, 1895, Oscar Wilde, a renowned playwright, was found guilty of engaging in homosexual activity and sentenced to the maximum punishment allowed: imprisonment for two years with hard labor. The judge, disgusted with Wilde, declared, "People who can do these things must be dead to all sense of shame," and he deemed the sentence inapt for such a vial criminal (Barger). In the years following, little change was made to ease the growing tension. When Edward Carpenter published his book The Intermediate Sex in 1909, he encouraged the acceptance and understanding of people with different sexual preferences and practices than those who found themselves in the majority. Jacqueline Lavignehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13995915049368122049noreply@blogger.com0